ASWDNet Guide to Writing and Publishing

We believe that social workers at any level of their professional career, are able to write for publishing. Students, research students, practitioners, academics and retired Social Workers need opportunities to write and publish. This is what pushes African Social Work forward. This page will provide information about se journal articles, book chapters, books, blogs, expert papers, opinion pieces, case studies and many others.

General Advice for Writers

• Every writing or publication should contribute to the objectives of African social work.
• Publications contribute to decolonizing, indegenising, ‘developmenting’ and valuing of African knowledges, cultures and philosophies.
• You can publish at any stage of your Social Work career.
• Prioritise African literature, definitions, ethics and theories in your writing.
• We understand there is a lot of oral literature (orature) for African social work, please cite and reference it.
• Each publisher has guidelines, please consider those when writing.
• There are four different sources of knowledge as shown in the graphic below, and they are important and we accept all the sources in our publications.

Also referred to as the OPW-N framework, this framework above is used by the AJSW to revalue and promote use of oral, personal and written sources of knowledge. This is important for African writers who are continuously seeking to decolonize social work knowledge. The decolonization objective is often difficult because of limited written knowledge, hence the need to acknowledge all the sources of knowledge in an African context. The framework can be used to collect, classify sources, review and report sources.

Journals and Journal Article

A journal is a serial or endless publication that communicates new knowledge or data. New data and knowledge come from research, reflection and analysis. Its smallest unit is an article. Because it is expected to have an unlimited lifespan, it is often divided into volumes, numbers and issues for easy reference and circulation. A volume is usually published in one year, and it is divided into numbers or issues. Others have an issue every month, meaning they will have number 1 to 12. Others publish per quarter, per third or per half year. But others just use volumes without issues, meaning they just number publications chronologically. Online publishing is changing things, now they are articles published without volumes, issues and numbers. Articles no longer need to wait for publication at end of month or quarter, they are published as soon as they are accepted.

It is standard practice for academics to publish in journals. In fact, research worth of academics is measured by the number of quality articles that they publish. Writing an article for a journal is not an easy process because there are many rules to be followed. the other challenge we Africans face is that we are not English or French speakers by birth, and this affects our writing. This is especially hard considering that most journal publishers are from English or French speaking countries, so are their editors, reviewers and readers. African writers often receive awkward reviews and their rejection Arte is very high. While the language makes it hard, the bigger problems lies in how African knowledges are viewed and rated. They are often viewed as inferior, less complicated and theory less, but this is not true. Today, there are several African publishers, and this has made it is for African writers.

The ASWDNet has prepared a guide for journal writers, focusing on the Journal of Development Administration and the African Journal of Social Work. The guide is also applicable in many cases. Here are some important tips for African writers:

1. Topic and research question: select a topic that is relevant to Africa and the continent’s issues. Research questions should be relevant to discipline from an African perspective in terms of culture, knowledge, ways of knowing & learning, theories, practice, education, research, policy, politics, economies, laws, jurisprudence, leadership, language, art and religions.
2. Theories: use African or locally relevant theories, frameworks and models such as Indigenous Theory, Ubuntu theory, African Family Theories, Community Theories, Decolonisation theory; Dependence Theory; Social Justice Theory; Social Development Theory, Developmental Social Work, Spirituality, African ecology, among others.
3. Vernacular or other languages: try to use African languages or words in your topic, abstract, key words, key sentences/phrases taken verbatim is acceptable, provided an English translation is provided and the manuscript is still within word limit. remember, some concepts in African languages will never have an English equivalent.
4. African orature: we encourage you to cite oral sources (oral, largely unwritten unpublished literature) such as African proverbs, idioms, songs, stories etc.
5. Published literature: we encourage you to cite African literature from other African journals, books and publications in addition to those from outside. All references must be traceable.
6. Approvals and consent: a good journal article must show that the researcher adhered to African and other ethics when collecting the data and whencreatirg the knowledge. Ethics approval is often granted by university or research authority. Research approval is often provided at the site of the research by heads of villages, other traditional leaders, county, district, community, organisation or institution. Consent is provided by research participants i.e. individuals, families or organisations. The consent statement must be clear about what you want participants to consent to. Ethical, approval and consent statements must be realistic, practical and have been followed. Many a times people copy and paste ethics described in text books but each research is different. The ASWNet provides independent ethics advice to fill a gap because of few active ethics committees in Africa. All writers can apply for this service using the form in the link provided.
7. Editing and Formatting – last, but not least, edit your paper according to the guidelines of the journal, and avoid simple errors.

Books

Purpose

Academic books serve different purposes. Common types include:

• Textbooks – For teaching core content in a subject.
• Reference books – For definitions, facts, and quick information (e.g. dictionaries, handbooks, guides).
• Monographs – In-depth study on one topic, usually by one author.
• Edited volumes – Chapters by different authors on a shared theme.
• Research books – Present findings from original studies.
• Professional books – Link theory with practice for specific fields.
• Academic trade books – Research-based but written for broader audiences.
• Published theses – Revised postgraduate research made into books.
• Novels – Historical or fictional works sometimes used in academia for social, cultural or literary analysis.

Guidelines

• A textbook or reference book should present knowledge in clear, accessible language. It must focus on key arguments, main learnings, and practical resources for teaching, learning, practice, or research. Avoid technical or overly academic writing.
• A single-authored book should include at least 10 chapters. A multi-authored book should include at least 12 chapters. Each chapter should be between 4,000 and 8,000 words, including the title, overview, and references list. Chapters must align with the book’s title and purpose, and be consistent in style, structure, and key references. Chapters should follow the agreed template shared by the editor.
• A chapter can have up to four authors. Each author must contribute a minimum of 20%. Contributors with less than 20% input should be listed as acknowledged, not as authors.
• All authors must be given the opportunity to review the full book before publication.

Contents

• Title
• Cover
• Back cover
• Dedication (if necessary)
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Introduction
• Abbreviations (if applicable)
• Table of contents
• Chapters (each 4,000–8,000 words)
• Illustrations, tables or figures (if any)
• Contributor bios (if included)
• References
• Appendices or teaching resources (if any)
• Index (if required)

Book chapter

A book chapter for text and reference book should follow these guidelines:

1. The purpose of a textbook or reference book is to communicate knowledge in less technical language and an easy format for readers. It is primarily concerned with key arguments, main learnings and sharing most relevant resources.
2. A book chapter should be 4000 to 8000 page long, including title, chapter overview and references list. The book editor will inform you of their specific length.
3. It should not be written as a research report or journal manuscript, should be without findings, literature review, methodology and discussion.
4. Its main headings should be:
   • Introduction
   • Aims of the chapter
   • Background and context
   • Key concepts
   • Key arguments and learnings
   • Expansion of key concepts
   • Resources for teaching, learning, practice and research.
   • References list
5. Each chapter should align with the title of the book, and with other chapters in terms of key literature used, style of writing and formatting.
6. If a book has multiple authors, each author should have a chance to review the book, from the cover page to the back page before it is published.
7. For multi authored books, a minimum of 12 chapters is expected and for single authored book, a minimum of 10.
8. Multi-authoring for a chapter is restricted to four authors, each with a minimum contribution of 20%. If an author has not contributed words and time to the project amounting to 20%, they should be acknowledged as a contributor not as an author.

Posters

Posters use a combination of color, size, text, graphics, layout, art and images to present information. They are used to inform, advertise, sensitize or make aware. There are three types of posters: research or academic poster (educational poster), infographics and sensitization poster.

1. The educational poster communicates an issue in detail, with more text than visuals. Visuals are usually manner but smaller. It is often done to present a summary of research or simply to share information about a social issue. These posters are meant to be read, viewed and presented.
2. The sensitization poster is meant to attract people towards an issue by using large attractive visuals or large attractive text. There is often less text or no text at all.
3. Infographic posters combine text and visuals in a more animated way. They are usually have both more words and more visuals.

Posters can be viewed digitally, on walls, as placards, banners held by hand, rolled-up or billboards. In selecting poster messages and images, make sure they are relevant, culturally appropriate and sensitive. It is often best to draw your images or take your own photographs than copy and paste from the internet. Posters, if not designed well can be agents of colonization through the selection of pictures, graphics, messages and such things as flags, colors and language.

Ethics Application or Statement

Projects require an ethics application to ensure that participants, practitioners, community members and vulnerable groups are protected. They are required for research, practice or development projects. An ethics application can be an independent document or embedded in the project or research document. Ethics applications are usually considered at these levels:

1. Supervisory level – for example an ethics application for a counseling or group work project can be approved by the manager or supervisor.
2. Community level – for example a community development projects needs ethics approval from community leaders or elders.
3. Organizational or institutional level – organizations such as universities, hospitals and research institutes have committees to review ethics applications.
4. Ethics Boards – these usually involve members from the community, organization and professionals.
5. National Ethics Boards – these are set to provide a service at the national level.
6. Independent Ethics Committees – these can be formed at any level, local/community, national, continental or global. An example is the AIEC.

When you submit an ethics application, include the following:

1. Research or project team names, qualifications, backgrounds and any information relevant to your ethics application.
2. Details of the project including title, aims, objectives, timeframe and expected outcomes.
3. Who will participate in the project, and what they will be expected to do.
4. List potential risks and how they will be minimised. Potential risks include physical, psychological or social harm; raising community expectations; financial loss; damaging family or community relationships; release of confidential information e.g. how people voted or HIV status; perpetuating colonialism; falsifying; creating dependence and many others.

More information about ethics: African Research Ethics and Malpractice Statement (AREMS)

Social Work Program Outline or Syllabus

A Social Work program is a document that specifies all what is needed for a student to be recruited, enrolled, passed and graduated into social work. It is usually presented as a handbook. It contains elements like:

• School/s, faculty or department that will deliver the program.
• Description or summary
• Program learning outcomes
• Program name and code (e.g. Bachelor of Social Work, U2345
• Qualification level according to national guidelines
• Admission requirements – pre-admission and post-admission
• Duration – part-time, full time, blended,
• Mode of delivery (full-time, part-time, blended and maximum duration)
• Knowledge from prior learning/assumed knowledge e.g. Languages especially Indigenous, English language, Society, Geography, History especially African history,
• Term type – semester, trimester
• Fees – per term, subject or year
• Credit transfer
• Subjects required – compulsory/mandatory, electives/optional,
• Recognition e.g. professional registration
• Credits required and number of units to be studied
• Arrangements for progression to Honors

Subject or Course outline

A Social Work course or subject is a unit of study that a student studies and gets credit on successful completion. It contains elements like:

• Name of university/institution, school and faculty
• Name and code of the course e.g. Introduction to African society (SW102) or Introduction to Social Work (SW101)
• Credits points available
• Any prior learning or subjects required (pre-requisites) or current learning (co-requisites)
• Location, name of lecturer, tutor, time
• Mode of learning
• Learning outcomes
• Summary of subject/Description of subject
• Rules and regulations – attendance, performance, referencing, academic integrity,
• Assessments/Assignments – type of assessment, summary, due date, weight, marking criteria, format and any other instructions
• Main textbooks and other literature
• Citation style

Lecture

A lecture is a structured presentation of information, ideas, or arguments delivered to an audience, usually for educational or training purposes. It goes beyond simply sharing facts; it aims to engage learners, provide clarity, and stimulate critical thinking. A decolonised approach recognises multiple knowledge systems, including oral traditions, community knowledge, and lived experience, rather than relying solely on written or Western sources.

Types of lectures

1. Informative lecture – focuses on delivering factual knowledge or concepts.
2. Analytical lecture – examines evidence, data, or theories to explore understanding.
3. Persuasive lecture – seeks to influence audience thinking or behaviour.
4. Interactive lecture – incorporates discussion, questions, and audience participation.
5. Decolonised lecture – integrates indigenous knowledge, community experiences, and culturally relevant examples.
6. Critical lecture – encourages reflection on power, structures, or systemic challenges related to the topic.

Methods for creating a lecture

• Planning – define the purpose, audience, scope, and learning outcomes. Decide key messages.
• Researching content – gather accurate, current, and relevant information from diverse sources, including community and indigenous knowledge.
• Structuring – organise content logically with an introduction, main points, and conclusion. Use headings, bullet points, and transitions.
• Designing visuals – create slides, diagrams, or handouts to support understanding. Keep them clear and uncluttered.
• Integrating engagement – plan questions, discussions, or activities to involve the audience.
• Practising delivery – rehearse timing, voice clarity, and use of gestures or technology.
• Reviewing accessibility – ensure content is understandable for different learning styles and abilities.
• Finalising – check content for accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and alignment with learning objectives.

Methods for delivering a lecture

• Introduce yourself and the topic – establish rapport and set expectations.
• Present information clearly – explain concepts step by step, using examples or stories where appropriate.
• Encourage interaction – ask questions, invite reflections, or include short exercises.
• Monitor understanding – observe body language, ask for clarifications, and adapt pace if needed.
• Use visuals and aids effectively – support points without overwhelming the audience.
• Conclude effectively – summarise key messages, reinforce learning outcomes, and provide next steps or references.
• Invite feedback – ask for questions, reflections, or suggestions to improve understanding and future lectures.

What to include in a lecture

• Title – clear and indicative of the topic
• Learning objectives – what the audience should know or be able to do
• Introduction – context, relevance, and overview of key points
• Main content – organised sections with evidence, examples, and illustrations
• Engagement elements – questions, discussions, or activities
• Conclusion – summary of key points and takeaways
• References or sources – acknowledge all material used, including oral or community knowledge
• Author or lecturer details – provide your background or positionality, especially in decolonised lectures

Tutorial

A tutorial is a small-group or one-on-one learning session designed to help learners understand, apply, or practise specific knowledge or skills. Unlike lectures, tutorials are interactive and focus on discussion, problem-solving, and personalised guidance. A decolonised tutorial integrates community knowledge, cultural practices, and lived experience alongside formal content, making learning relevant and inclusive.

Types of tutorials

1. Skills-based tutorial – focuses on developing practical abilities or techniques.
2. Discussion-based tutorial – encourages dialogue, debate, and critical thinking.
3. Problem-solving tutorial – uses case studies or scenarios for applied learning.
4. Peer tutorial – learners teach and support each other under guidance.
5. Decolonised tutorial – integrates indigenous perspectives, local knowledge, and culturally relevant examples.
6. Critical tutorial – explores systemic, social, or structural factors influencing the topic.

Methods for creating a tutorial

• Planning – define objectives, target audience, and desired outcomes. Decide the scope and format.
• Preparing content – identify key concepts, exercises, case studies, or questions to explore. Include diverse sources of knowledge.
• Structuring – organise activities and discussion points in a logical sequence. Use headings, prompts, or worksheets where helpful.
• Designing engagement – plan interactive elements such as questions, role-plays, or collaborative tasks.
• Anticipating challenges – consider potential difficulties learners may face and prepare support or guidance.
• Preparing materials – handouts, slides, or visual aids to support understanding.
• Reviewing – ensure content is accurate, culturally appropriate, and aligned with learning objectives.

Tutorial guide: production and use

• Production – create a clear and structured document outlining objectives, content, activities, timing, and expected outcomes. Include instructions, discussion prompts, exercises, and reference materials. Ensure language is accessible and culturally appropriate.
• Use – the guide serves as a roadmap for tutors and learners. Tutors follow it to deliver the session effectively, while learners can use it to prepare, engage, and review content. The guide can also be adapted for different contexts or learner needs.

Methods for delivering a tutorial

• Set expectations – explain the purpose, structure, and intended outcomes at the start.
• Facilitate discussion – guide learners through topics, encourage participation, and ask open-ended questions.
• Support application – provide exercises, scenarios, or tasks that allow learners to practise skills.
• Observe and give feedback – monitor progress, provide guidance, and correct misunderstandings constructively.
• Encourage reflection – ask learners to relate concepts to their experience or community context.
• Adapt – adjust pace, content, or approach based on learner needs and responses.
• Conclude – summarise key points, clarify next steps, and provide references or additional resources.

What to include in a tutorial

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Learning objectives – what learners should know or be able to do
• Introduction – context and relevance of the topic
• Activities or discussion points – exercises, questions, or tasks
• Guidance notes – instructions, tips, or hints for completing tasks
• Reflection prompts – questions that encourage critical thinking or personal application
• References – books, articles, or community knowledge consulted
• Tutor details – background or positionality statement if relevant

Assessment (Educational)

An educational assessment is a structured process to measure learners’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, or competencies. It can be used for diagnostic, formative, summative, or evaluative purposes. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises fairness, inclusivity, cultural relevance, and collective learning, recognising diverse ways of knowing and demonstrating understanding.

Types of educational assessments

1. Diagnostic assessment – identifies learners’ prior knowledge, strengths, and gaps.
2. Formative assessment – conducted during learning to provide feedback and guide improvement.
3. Summative assessment – evaluates learning outcomes at the end of a lesson, module, or course.
4. Competency-based assessment – measures practical skills and application of knowledge.
5. Critical or decolonised assessment – incorporates local knowledge, cultural practices, and alternative ways of demonstrating learning.

Types of decolonised assessments

1. Ubuntu-inspired assessment – grounded in African communal values, focusing on collective well-being and interconnectedness.
2. Project-based learning (PBL) – encourages learners to engage in real-world problems, promoting critical thinking and collaboration.
3. Restorative learning models – emphasises healing and community-building, integrating indigenous knowledge and practices.
4. Authentic assessment – involves tasks that mirror real-life challenges, allowing learners to demonstrate their competencies in meaningful contexts.

Key and related terms

• Assessment – process of gathering evidence to evaluate learning.
• Learning outcomes – specific knowledge, skills, or attitudes that learners are expected to achieve.
• Rubric – criteria used to evaluate performance.
• Feedback – information provided to learners to support improvement.
• Stakeholders – teachers, learners, parents, or community members involved in assessment.
• Inclusive assessment – ensuring accessibility and relevance for all learners.

How to create an educational assessment

• Planning – define objectives, learning outcomes, and purpose of the assessment.
• Content selection – choose relevant topics, skills, or competencies to assess.
• Assessment type – decide on methods such as tests, projects, presentations, or portfolios.
• Designing tools – create questions, tasks, or criteria that are fair, culturally relevant, and inclusive.
• Piloting – test the assessment with a small group to ensure clarity and effectiveness.
• Administration – conduct the assessment in a controlled and supportive environment.
• Feedback – provide learners with constructive feedback to guide improvement.
• Review – evaluate the assessment for fairness, accuracy, and alignment with learning objectives.

Workshop

A workshop is an interactive session designed to build knowledge, skills, or awareness among participants. It combines learning, discussion, and practical activities to achieve specific objectives. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises participation, respect, collective learning, and inclusion of diverse perspectives.

Types of workshops

1. Skills development – focuses on teaching practical or professional skills.
2. Awareness and sensitisation – addresses social, cultural, or health-related topics.
3. Strategic planning – guides participants in setting goals, priorities, and action plans.
4. Community engagement – involves stakeholders in dialogue and decision-making.
5. Critical or decolonised workshops – addresses power dynamics, historical inequities, and integrates local knowledge.

Key and related terms

• Facilitator – person guiding the workshop process.
• Participants – individuals attending the workshop to learn or contribute.
• Agenda – structured plan outlining activities and timing.
• Materials – resources used during the workshop (handouts, visual aids, equipment).
• Evaluation – assessment of the workshop’s effectiveness and outcomes.

How to create and run a workshop

• Planning – define objectives, target participants, content, and expected outcomes.
• Designing the agenda – sequence activities, allocate time, and incorporate interactive elements.
• Preparing materials – develop handouts, presentations, and other resources needed.
• Recruitment – identify and invite participants appropriate for the workshop objectives.
• Facilitation – conduct the workshop using participatory methods, group work, and discussions.
• Monitoring – observe participation, engagement, and effectiveness during sessions.
• Evaluation – gather feedback from participants to assess learning and improve future workshops.
• Reporting – document outcomes, lessons learned, and recommendations.

What to include in a workshop guide

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Objectives – what the workshop aims to achieve
• Target participants – who should attend
• Agenda – schedule of activities, including timings and methods
• Materials and resources – items needed for sessions
• Facilitation notes – guidance for facilitators, including prompts and instructions
• Evaluation methods – tools for gathering participant feedback
• Follow-up – suggested actions or resources after the workshop

Webinar

A webinar is an online seminar or interactive session where information, skills, or knowledge are shared with a remote audience. It allows for real-time engagement through presentations, discussions, polls, and Q&A sessions. A decolonised webinar incorporates diverse knowledge systems, including community and indigenous perspectives, and ensures content is culturally relevant and inclusive.

Types of webinars

1. Informative webinar – delivers knowledge, updates, or news on a topic.
2. Training webinar – teaches specific skills or processes.
3. Panel webinar – features multiple speakers discussing a topic or issue.
4. Interactive webinar – encourages audience participation through polls, breakout rooms, or exercises.
5. Decolonised webinar – integrates indigenous knowledge, community perspectives, and culturally grounded examples.
6. Critical webinar – explores systemic, structural, or social factors and encourages reflection on inequalities or power dynamics.

Methods for creating a webinar

• Planning – define objectives, target audience, duration, and learning outcomes. Decide on the format and platform.
• Researching content – gather accurate, current, and relevant material, including community and indigenous knowledge.
• Structuring – organise content with a clear introduction, main points, interactive elements, and conclusion.
• Preparing visuals – design slides, diagrams, or handouts that are clear and uncluttered.
• Planning engagement – include polls, quizzes, breakout sessions, or Q&A opportunities to involve participants.
• Preparing technical setup – check internet connection, microphone, camera, software features, and accessibility tools.
• Reviewing – ensure content is accurate, culturally appropriate, and aligned with objectives.

Webinar guide: creation and use

• Creation – develop a structured document that outlines objectives, agenda, content, timing, interactive elements, and technical instructions. Include guidance for facilitation, discussion prompts, and materials needed. Ensure language is clear, accessible, and culturally sensitive.
• Use – the guide serves as a roadmap for hosts and participants. Hosts follow it to deliver the webinar effectively, while participants can use it to prepare, follow along, and engage meaningfully. It can also be adapted for different contexts or audience needs.

Running a webinar

• Introduce the session – greet participants, introduce yourself, and explain the agenda and objectives.
• Deliver content clearly – present ideas step by step, using visuals and examples to illustrate points.
• Encourage interaction – ask questions, invite comments, and use polls or breakout rooms.
• Monitor participation – watch for questions or technical issues and adapt accordingly.
• Provide guidance – explain activities, tasks, or exercises and offer support as needed.
• Summarise key points – highlight main messages and practical takeaways.
• Follow up – share resources, slides, recordings, or reference materials with participants.

What to include in a webinar

• Title – clear and engaging
• Learning objectives – what participants should gain from the session
• Agenda – introduction, main content, interactive activities, conclusion
• Presentation materials – slides, diagrams, videos, or handouts
• Interactive elements – polls, quizzes, breakout sessions, or Q&A
• References – sources consulted, including community or indigenous knowledge
• Host details – background or positionality statement if relevant

Environmental learning guide

Read Maathai’s Under the Tree Indaba (MUTI) teaching and learning approach

Community visit guide

A community visit guide is a practical document that provides structured instructions and guidance for engaging with a community. It helps visitors prepare, conduct, and reflect on interactions in a way that is respectful, effective, and culturally sensitive. A decolonised approach ensures the guide recognises local knowledge, community structures, cultural practices, and collective decision-making processes. Ubuntu ethics—emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and community responsibility—should guide all stages of the visit.

Types of community visit guides

1. Research visit guide – outlines steps for gathering information, conducting interviews, or observing practices.
2. Service delivery guide – focuses on delivering programmes, interventions, or support to the community.
3. Training or educational visit guide – supports workshops, teaching, or skills development.
4. Participatory visit guide – facilitates co-creation, consultation, and community involvement in planning or decision-making.
5. Decolonised guide – centres indigenous knowledge, cultural protocols, and community leadership in all interactions.
6. Critical guide – highlights systemic issues, power relations, and social inequalities to be considered during the visit.

Methods for creating a community visit guide

• Planning – define objectives, scope, target community, and expected outcomes of the visit.
• Understanding context – gather information on community history, culture, social structures, and language.
• Engaging stakeholders – consult with community leaders, elders, or local organisations before the visit.
• Structuring the guide – organise sections clearly, including preparation, conduct, follow-up, and reflection.
• Preparing materials – include checklists, maps, interview questions, or templates for recording observations.
• Including cultural protocols – provide guidance on greetings, participation, and respect for community norms.
• Integrating Ubuntu ethics – emphasise respect, reciprocity, justice, and collective responsibility in all interactions.
• Reviewing – ensure the guide is accurate, culturally appropriate, and aligned with ethical standards.

Methods for using a community visit guide

• Preparation – study the guide, gather necessary materials, and understand the objectives, cultural protocols, and Ubuntu principles.
• Engagement – follow the guide during interactions, respecting time, roles, and community processes.
• Practising Ubuntu – show care, reciprocity, and respect, recognising the interconnectedness of visitors and community members.
• Data collection or observation – record findings systematically while maintaining confidentiality, consent, and ethical respect.
• Reflection – review the visit against objectives, noting successes, challenges, and lessons learned.
• Follow-up – share outcomes, provide feedback, and maintain relationships with the community, continuing to honour Ubuntu principles.

What to include in a community visit guide

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Purpose and objectives – why the visit is being conducted and what it aims to achieve
• Background or context – information about the community, its structures, and relevant issues
• Preparation checklist – materials, permissions, cultural protocols, and logistics
• Visit plan – schedule, activities, and roles of visitors and community members
• Engagement guidelines – tips for respectful and culturally appropriate interaction
• Observation and data collection tools – templates, questions, or recording methods
• Ubuntu ethics – guidance on reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility
• Reflection and follow-up – how to analyse findings, share outcomes, and maintain community relationships
• Author or issuing body – include background or positionality statement if relevant

Family visit guide

A family visit guide is a practical document that provides structured instructions for engaging with families in a supportive, respectful, and culturally sensitive way. It helps visitors, social workers, or community practitioners prepare, conduct, and reflect on interactions to strengthen relationships, provide support, or gather information. A decolonised approach incorporates community norms, extended and tribal family structures, and cultural practices. Ubuntu ethics—emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and care—should guide all interactions.

Types of family visit guides

1. Supportive visit guide – focuses on providing emotional, social, or practical support to families.
2. Assessment visit guide – used to understand family needs, strengths, and challenges.
3. Educational or skill-building visit guide – helps families develop knowledge, coping strategies, or life skills.
4. Participatory visit guide – engages families in co-planning solutions or interventions.
5. Decolonised guide – recognises extended family, tribal connections, and community practices.
6. Critical guide – considers systemic issues, inequalities, or barriers affecting the family.

Methods for creating a family visit guide

• Planning – define objectives, target families, and expected outcomes of visits.
• Understanding context – gather information on family structures, cultural practices, and community environment.
• Consulting stakeholders – engage family elders, caregivers, or community leaders where appropriate.
• Structuring the guide – organise preparation, engagement, observation, and reflection steps.
• Preparing materials – include checklists, discussion prompts, or activity guides.
• Including cultural protocols – provide guidance on respectful greetings, participation, and recognition of family hierarchies.
• Integrating Ubuntu ethics – emphasise care, respect, reciprocity, and collective responsibility.
• Reviewing – ensure the guide is accurate, culturally appropriate, and ethically sound.

Methods for using a family visit guide

• Preparation – study the guide, gather necessary materials, and understand family context and cultural protocols.
• Engagement – follow the guide during visits, respecting family roles, time, and traditions.
• Practising Ubuntu – demonstrate care, mutual respect, and collective responsibility.
• Observation and information gathering – record findings ethically, maintaining confidentiality and consent.
• Reflection – review the visit against objectives, noting successes, challenges, and lessons learned.
• Follow-up – provide feedback, share outcomes, and maintain supportive relationships with the family.

What to include in a family visit guide

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Purpose and objectives – why the visit is conducted and what it aims to achieve
• Background or context – family structures, community ties, and cultural considerations
• Preparation checklist – materials, permissions, and cultural protocols
• Visit plan – schedule, activities, and roles of visitors and family members
• Engagement guidelines – tips for respectful and culturally sensitive interaction
• Observation tools – templates, discussion prompts, or recording methods
• Ubuntu ethics – guidance on reciprocity, respect, care, and justice
• Reflection and follow-up – how to analyse findings, share outcomes, and maintain relationships
• Author or issuing body – include background or positionality statement if relevant

Groupwork guide

A group work guide is a practical document that provides structured instructions for facilitating collaborative activities with groups. It helps practitioners, educators, or community workers plan, implement, and reflect on group processes to achieve learning, problem-solving, or social outcomes. A decolonised approach recognises collective knowledge, community dynamics, and cultural practices. Ubuntu ethics—emphasising respect, reciprocity, justice, and shared responsibility—should guide all interactions.

Types of group work guides

1. Educational group work – focuses on learning, skill development, or knowledge sharing.
2. Therapeutic or support group – provides emotional or social support to participants.
3. Participatory group work – engages members in decision-making, planning, or problem-solving.
4. Team-building group work – develops collaboration, communication, and cohesion.
5. Community development groups – supports collective action and local development initiatives.
6. Income-generating groups – facilitates collaborative projects aimed at economic empowerment.
7. Cultural groups – promotes preservation, practice, or celebration of cultural knowledge and traditions.
8. Decolonised group work – incorporates indigenous knowledge, local practices, and community perspectives.
9. Critical group work – examines systemic issues, power relations, or social inequalities impacting the group.

How to create a group work guide

• Planning – define objectives, target group, expected outcomes, and session format.
• Understanding context – gather information on participants’ backgrounds, culture, and group dynamics.
• Structuring the guide – organise preparation, activities, discussion points, and reflection stages.
• Designing engagement – include exercises, discussions, role-plays, or collaborative tasks.
• Writing up the guide – draft the document with clear instructions, session plans, and materials.
• Reviewing – check the guide for clarity, accuracy, cultural appropriateness, and ethical alignment.
• Consulting – share the draft with the group, co-facilitators, or the organisation for feedback and validation.
• Preparing materials – handouts, visual aids, or tools to support participation.
• Integrating Ubuntu ethics – emphasise respect, reciprocity, shared responsibility, and collective wellbeing.

Methods for using a group work guide

• Preparation – review the guide, gather materials, and understand group context and dynamics.
• Facilitating interaction – encourage participation, ensure inclusivity, and manage group dynamics effectively.
• Practising Ubuntu – model respect, reciprocity, and collective responsibility in discussions and activities.
• Monitoring and supporting – observe group interactions, provide guidance, and address conflicts constructively.
• Reflection – review group outcomes, participation, and lessons learned.
• Follow-up – share feedback, provide resources, and maintain engagement with the group.

What to include in a group work guide

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Purpose and objectives – why the group work is conducted and expected outcomes
• Background or context – information on participants, culture, or community factors
• Preparation checklist – materials, permissions, and logistical arrangements
• Session plan – agenda, activities, roles, and timing
• Engagement guidelines – instructions for discussions, tasks, or collaborative exercises
• Observation tools – templates, prompts, or evaluation methods
• Ubuntu ethics – guidance on respect, reciprocity, care, and shared responsibility
• Reflection and follow-up – how to analyse outcomes, provide feedback, and maintain relationships
• Author or issuing body – include background or positionality statement if relevant

Research Summary

There are two types of research summaries: evidence and methodology summaries. Evidence summaries are especially important for practitioners to quickly grasp what the findings of a research are and the implications. This is different from an abstract that summarizes the full paper. methodology summaries are especially important for researchers, they help them understand how research was done to help them with ideas for their own research.

Evidence Summary

The writer of a research summary reads existing research, usually one article, and provides a shortened version of the findings (evidence) and implications. A research summary is between 500 and 1000 words. A research summary does not contain background information, research gap, key words, the methodology and list of references. An abstract does not usually contain subheadings, but a research summary does. Modern research summaries have hyperlinks. The only citation required is that of the researcher. The contents of this type of summary are:

1. Title of research summary
2. Full citation of the research (use ASWDNet Style of Referencing)
3. Affiliation of researcher/s and country of the researcher/s
4. Evidence
5. Implications
6. Name of author of summary

Methodology Summary

Another type of summary focuses on the methodology only. This summary type focuses on the methodology to help others who might want to use the same methodology. Where information is not available about the methodology the author used, the author of the the summary can interview or ask the author of the research. The contents of this type of summary are:

1. Title of research summary
2. Full citation of the research (use ASWNet Style of Referencing)
3. Affiliation of researcher/s and country of the researcher/s
4. Methods used and how each method was applied
5. Lessons and implications for other researchers
6. Name of author of summary

Book Review

A book review is both a method (a way of researching secondary sources) and an outcome (submitted to a journal, publisher, website or libraries) to help readers understand a book and make informed choices. The method includes who will read, what will be read, reason for the review or review question, who to consult if you have questions (publisher or author), how long will be the review, how will it be presented, etc)

Opinion Piece

An opinion piece is a short article where the writer shares a personal view on a topic, issue, or event. Its purpose is to persuade, inform, or provoke thought rather than simply report facts. In a decolonised approach, an opinion piece draws on both personal insight and collective knowledge, recognising lived experience, culture, and history as legitimate sources of authority.

Types of opinion pieces

1. Personal opinion – based on the writer’s own experiences and reflections.
2. Analytical opinion – combines personal view with data, research, or evidence.
3. Persuasive opinion – aims to convince readers to adopt a particular viewpoint or take action.
4. Reflective opinion – explores ideas or events through introspection and critical thinking.
5. Critical opinion – evaluates structures, systems, or power relations that shape the issue, often highlighting social justice or inequalities.
6. Decolonised opinion – incorporates indigenous perspectives, community voices, and cultural context.

Methods for writing an opinion piece

• Planning – choose a topic that is timely, relevant, and meaningful. Decide the purpose and audience.
• Researching – gather facts, statistics, examples, and perspectives to support your view. Include community knowledge where relevant.
• Taking a clear position – decide your stance and express it early, usually in the introduction.
• Structuring the piece – start with a hook, present your argument, support it with evidence, and conclude with a strong takeaway.
• Using persuasive and accessible language – write clearly and engagingly. Avoid jargon; connect with readers’ experiences.
• Including examples – draw on real-life stories, cultural references, or community experiences.
• Considering counterarguments – acknowledge other perspectives and explain why your view is valid.
• Reviewing and editing – check clarity, tone, and flow. Ensure the piece respects cultural and social contexts.
• Publishing – submit to newspapers, magazines, blogs, or online platforms that reach your intended audience.

What to include in an opinion piece

• Author details or positionality statement – optional but useful, especially in decolonised writing, to clarify your perspective and relationship to the topic.
• Title – clear and engaging, reflecting the main idea.
• Introduction – state the issue and your position.
• Argument – main points supporting your view, with evidence or examples.
• Counterarguments – address alternative views respectfully.
• Conclusion – summarise your stance and suggest action, reflection, or further thought.

Guidance Note

A guidance note is a concise document that provides clear instructions, advice, or recommendations on how to carry out a task, make decisions, or follow procedures. Unlike formal policies, guidance notes are practical and interpretive, helping readers understand steps, considerations, and best practices. A decolonised approach ensures that guidance is culturally sensitive, contextually relevant, and acknowledges local knowledge and community practices.

Types of guidance notes

1. Procedural guidance – explains step-by-step processes for completing a task or complying with rules.
2. Policy guidance – interprets organisational or legal policies for practical use.
3. Technical guidance – provides specialised instructions or methodologies, often in professional or scientific contexts.
4. Ethical or cultural guidance – advises on values, conduct, or culturally appropriate practices.
5. Critical guidance – examines structures, power relations, and systemic challenges, offering reflective recommendations for equitable outcomes.
6. Decolonised guidance – integrates indigenous knowledge, community practices, and local perspectives alongside formal procedures.

Methods for writing a guidance note

• Planning – identify the purpose, audience, and scope of the guidance. Decide what problem it addresses and the expected outcomes.
• Researching – gather relevant policies, procedures, best practices, and community perspectives.
• Structuring – organise the content logically, using headings, subheadings, and bullet points for clarity.
• Writing clearly – use simple, concise, and actionable language. Avoid jargon unless it is clearly explained.
• Including practical steps – outline procedures, decision points, or checklists that readers can follow.
• Considering context – ensure guidance is sensitive to cultural, social, and local factors.
• Reviewing and validating – consult experts, stakeholders, or community members to confirm accuracy and appropriateness.
• Formatting – make the note easy to read with numbered lists, bullets, tables, or diagrams where necessary.
• Finalising – check for clarity, consistency, and alignment with organisational or community standards.

What to include in a guidance note

• Author or issuing body – include name, role, or positionality statement if relevant.
• Title – clear and descriptive.
• Purpose and scope – explain why the guidance exists and who it is for.
• Background or context – provide any relevant information or rationale.
• Step-by-step instructions or recommendations – practical, actionable guidance.
• Considerations or cautions – highlight risks, ethical points, or cultural sensitivities.
• References or sources – cite policies, literature, or community knowledge where relevant.

Current Evidence Note

A current evidence note is a concise document summarising the most recent and reliable evidence on a specific topic, issue, or question. Its purpose is to inform decision-making, policy, or practice by presenting up-to-date findings from research, reports, or expert sources. A decolonised approach recognises multiple knowledge systems, including indigenous, community, and oral knowledge, alongside published research.

Types of current evidence notes

1. Research evidence note – summarises findings from peer-reviewed studies or systematic reviews.
2. Policy evidence note – highlights evidence relevant to policy decisions or regulations.
3. Practice evidence note – focuses on evidence that informs professional practice or interventions.
4. Critical evidence note – analyses the gaps, biases, or power relations in the evidence base and reflects on social or structural implications.
5. Decolonised evidence note – incorporates local, indigenous, and community knowledge alongside formal research findings.

Methods for writing a current evidence note

• Planning – define the purpose, audience, and scope of the note. Decide what question or problem it addresses.
• Gathering evidence – collect the most recent and relevant sources, including academic literature, reports, statistics, and community or indigenous knowledge.
• Evaluating sources – assess credibility, relevance, and quality of the evidence. Identify gaps or limitations.
• Organising content – structure the note logically with headings, bullet points, or tables for clarity.
• Summarising key findings – present the main points clearly and concisely.
• Highlighting implications – indicate what the evidence suggests for policy, practice, or further research.
• Considering context – ensure evidence is culturally and socially relevant to the target population or setting.
• Reviewing and validating – check accuracy, consistency, and reliability, consulting experts or community members where needed.
• Formatting – use clear, readable layouts with headings, bullet points, or visual summaries.
• Finalising – confirm the note is up-to-date, accurate, and aligned with organisational or community standards.

What to include in a current evidence note

• Author details or positionality statement – optional, particularly in decolonised or critical approaches.
• Title – clear and specific.
• Purpose and scope – explain why the note is written and who it is for.
• Key evidence – concise summary of the most recent and relevant findings.
• Sources and references – list all consulted materials, including formal research, reports, and oral/community knowledge.
• Implications – indicate practical, policy, or research applications.
• Limitations or gaps – note areas where evidence is insufficient or biased.

Policy Brief

A policy brief is a concise document that presents information, analysis, and recommendations on a specific policy issue to inform decision-makers. Its purpose is to provide evidence-based guidance in a clear, accessible format, helping policymakers understand the problem, options, and implications quickly. A decolonised policy brief incorporates local, indigenous, and community knowledge alongside formal research, ensuring cultural relevance and contextual accuracy.

Types of policy briefs

1. Analytical policy brief – examines evidence and options without recommending a single course of action.
2. Persuasive policy brief – advocates for a specific policy option based on evidence.
3. Descriptive policy brief – summarises a policy issue, current practices, and relevant data.
4. Critical policy brief – evaluates structural issues, power relations, or systemic inequities shaping the policy context.
5. Decolonised policy brief – integrates indigenous knowledge, community perspectives, and culturally grounded solutions alongside formal policy analysis.

Methods for writing a policy brief

• Planning – define the issue, target audience, and objectives. Determine what decisions the brief is intended to influence.
• Researching – gather the most recent and relevant evidence, including academic research, reports, statistics, and community knowledge.
• Structuring – organise content with clear headings, bullet points, and short paragraphs for easy readability.
• Defining the problem – describe the policy issue clearly and concisely, highlighting its significance.
• Presenting options – outline possible policy responses, their advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility.
• Recommending action – provide clear, evidence-based recommendations (if applicable).
• Considering context – ensure policy options are culturally, socially, and locally relevant.
• Reviewing and validating – check for accuracy, clarity, and consistency. Consult experts or community stakeholders where appropriate.
• Formatting – use tables, charts, or visual summaries to convey information effectively.
• Finalising – ensure the brief is concise, accessible, and aligned with organisational or community standards.

What to include in a policy brief

• Author details or positionality statement – optional, especially in decolonised or critical approaches.
• Title – clear, concise, and indicative of the policy issue.
• Executive summary – brief overview of the problem, key findings, and recommendations.
• Background or context – relevant history, evidence, or social factors.
• Problem statement – define the issue and its significance.
• Policy options or analysis – outline alternatives and implications.
• Recommendations – specific, actionable guidance for decision-makers.
• References or sources – list evidence, reports, and community knowledge consulted.

Policy Proposal

A policy proposal is a structured document suggesting a new policy, law, or reform for a government, organisation, or community. It can be developed for African laws and jurisprudence, colonial laws, or hybrid frameworks (third space laws) that combine African and colonial principles. A community-informed or alternative policy integrates evidence, local knowledge, and inclusive perspectives, ensuring recommendations are culturally relevant, practical, and equitable. Ubuntu ethics, emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility, can guide the process.

Types of policy proposals

1. Government-focused – proposes changes to laws, regulations, or public policies, including colonial or third space legal frameworks.
2. Indigenous jurisprudence-focused – develops policy using African customary law and jurisprudence as the main framework.
3. Community-informed – reflects collective knowledge, local priorities, and cultural practices, particularly in African communities.
4. Critical or decolonised – addresses systemic inequities, power imbalances, or historical injustices in law or policy.
5. Alternative policy – provides a substitute or improved approach for existing policies or colonial/modern legal frameworks.

Key and related terms

• Policy proposal – A structured document suggesting a new policy or law, integrating evidence and local knowledge.
• Alternative policy – A substitute or improved policy addressing gaps or challenges in existing frameworks, including colonial or third space laws.
• Policy brief – A concise summary of a policy issue with recommended actions, aimed at decision-makers.
• Bill – A draft law presented for discussion in a legislative body; becomes law once enacted.
• Law – Rules established by government, community, or authority; can be statutory, customary, or hybrid.
• Third space law – Combines African customary law with colonial or modern statutory law for culturally relevant governance.
• Colonial law – Legal systems imposed by colonial powers, sometimes retained or hybridised post-independence.
• African customary law – Rules developed by African communities, governing family, land, and community relations.
• African jurisprudence – The study and application of African legal principles and reasoning, including customary, statutory, and case law.

How to create a policy proposal

• Planning – define the problem, target audience, and intended outcomes.
• Research – gather evidence, including statistics, reports, African jurisprudence, expert opinions, and community knowledge.
• Consultation – engage stakeholders, community members, or co-facilitators to ensure perspectives are included.
• Structuring – organise content with clear sections: introduction, background, problem statement, proposed solutions, and recommendations.
• Drafting – write the proposal clearly, using concise language and actionable recommendations.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, clarity, cultural sensitivity, and alignment with ethical and legal standards.
• Validation – share the draft with the community, co-facilitators, or relevant organisations for feedback and endorsement.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, ensure formatting is professional, and prepare supporting materials if needed.

What to include in a policy proposal

• Title – clear and descriptive of the policy issue
• Executive summary – brief overview of the problem and key recommendations
• Background or context – history, African jurisprudence, evidence, and social or cultural factors
• Problem statement – clearly define the issue and its significance
• Proposed policy or law – detailed explanation of the alternative approach
• Implementation plan – steps, responsibilities, and resources needed
• Expected outcomes – benefits, potential risks, and evaluation measures
• References – evidence, reports, and community input consulted
• Author or team details – include positionality statement if relevant

PowerPoint Presentation

The types of slides are:

• Text slides (TS)
• Visual slides (VS)
• Audio slides (AS)
• Text-visual slides (TVS)
• Audio-visual slides (AVS)

Text-audio-visual slides (TAVS)

(For a 10-minute presentation)

🪘 1. Plan for time before hand

• For a 10-minute presentation, use no more than 12 slides.
  • 8 slides for full discussion (spend 1 minute per slide, but can spend less and longer in others but not more than 2 minutes per slide)
  • 4 slides that you show briefly in passing or speak to for not less than 30 seconds.

🌀2. Slide design basics

• Font size 24 throughout.
• Make headings bold, the rest not bold unless who want to show emphasis.
• Use dark fonts on light backgrounds, or vice versa, for visibility.
• Aim for one visual element per slide (photo, drawing, chart, quote etc.).
• Keep text minimal – use bullet points or keywords.

📑 3. Slide structure

• Slide 1 – Cover slide – title, your name, affiliation, conference name and date.
• Slide 2 – Overview slide – outline of topics. if you have any conflict of interest, mention here or slide 1.
• Slides 3–10 – Main content slides – your discussion points.
• Slide 11 – Summary slide – key points and conclusions or Thank you slide.
• Slide 12 –  References list slide – full list of cited works.

🪮 4. Content tips

• Stick to your main theme and stay relevant throughout.
• Always create your key points first instead of asking AI to create for you – if you use AI, revise outputs so that you remain the thinker or author.
• Place citations within slides (e.g. Amadasun, 2021, Okoye, 2024).
• Avoid information overload – one idea per slide is best.

🎭 5. Visuals and images

• Choose images that are respectful, decolonising, accurate, and culturally appropriate.
• If discussing African or Black communities, use images of Black people.
• Avoid inappropriate or stereotypical internet photos.
• It is best to use images you have taken or created yourself (drawings, photos, diagrams).
• Don’t be shy about using African visuals and cultural representation – they are part of valid, rich academic storytelling.
• Ask the organisers for the meeting/conference logo, official images, and theme colours or branding to include in your slides – it helps align your presentation with the event.

👍🏿 6. Presenting with confidence

• Anticipate questions and be ready with answers.
• Stay calm if technology fails – have a backup like a PDF or printed handout.
• Smile and connect with your audience – your presence matters.
• Dress appropriately for your setting – it shows respect for your work and the audience.
• Try, test or learn the technology used for the presentation beforehand.
• Sit in a space or room without noise or distractions.
• have a good internet connection.
• It is good practice to keep your video on while presenting.

Abstract

An abstract is a statement that introduces a report, article or research in a summarised way. Abstract should report academic or no-academic research that has already been done or is ongoing, or could be based on your experience or reflections.

• Your abstract should have a title.
• Your name, email and institution and college level (if available).
• The abstract paragraph should have an opening sentence introducing the topic, clarification of the research gap\questions/needs/purpose, methods used to collect data (e.g. personal experience, stories, photo taking, family interviews, baliano, literature review, documents, social media), summary of the data or findings, conclusions reached and recommendations or implications.
• Add 5-8 key words – all key words must be used in the abstract paragraph.
• Abstract should be 200 words long – single paragraph and no sub-headings.

Tips

• There should be no references in the abstract.
• Prioritise African philosophy, theories, sources of knowledge and research methods.
• It is ok to write the abstract in your own language, to use words from any African language in the abstract, title or key words.

Reference List

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Bibliography

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted or cited when writing a report, essay, or research article. It shows the reader where your information came from and helps acknowledge the work of others. A decolonised approach to bibliography also values oral sources, community consultations, and indigenous knowledge systems, not just written texts. It recognises elders, storytellers, and traditional custodians as legitimate knowledge holders.

Types of bibliography

1. Analytical bibliography – focuses on the physical details and publication history of sources.
2. Annotated bibliography – includes short descriptions or evaluations of each source.
3. Enumerative bibliography – lists all sources without commentary.
4. Working bibliography – compiled during research and refined later.
5. Decolonised bibliography – includes oral, community, and cultural sources alongside books and articles.

Methods of preparing a bibliography

• Planning – decide which style to use (APA, Harvard, MLA, or another required format).
• Collecting sources – record full details of all books, journal articles, interviews, websites, and oral consultations.
• Consulting – verify details such as author names, publication dates, and titles.
• Including oral and community sources – for example, interviews, storytelling sessions, or cultural meetings.
• Verifying – ensure every in-text citation appears in the bibliography and vice versa.
• Organising – arrange entries alphabetically by author surname or by theme if using a decolonised format.
• Formatting – follow the punctuation, italics, and layout rules of the chosen referencing style.
• Reviewing – check consistency and accuracy before submission or publication.

What to include in a bibliography entry

• Author or speaker’s name
• Year of publication or recording
• Title of the work
• Publication or source details (publisher, location, website, or archive)
• Additional information for oral or community sources (such as location, date, and participants)

A decolonised bibliography acknowledges that knowledge comes from both written and lived experiences, respecting oral testimony, community stories, and indigenous archives as equal to academic literature.

Biography (including Autobiography)

A biography is a written story of a person’s life that explains who they are, what they have done, and why their story matters. It goes beyond recording events to interpret how experiences, relationships, and values have shaped the person. In a decolonised biography, a life story is understood as part of a collective journey. It includes rites of passage, extended and tribal family, and community life, showing how people are formed through their cultural roots. This approach reflects the belief that a person exists through others and that identity is built through relationships, place, and history.

Example: In writing about Wangari Maathai, one would not begin with her university education in the United States but with her birth in Nyeri, Kenya, among the Kikuyu people, her childhood in rural life, and the cultural values of land, respect, and collective work that shaped her worldview. Her story would show how these roots guided her environmental and political activism.

Types of biography

1. Autobiography – written by the person about their own life.
2. Authorised biography – written with consent or cooperation of the person or family.
3. Unauthorised biography – written without consent, based on available information.
4. Collective biography – tells the stories of a group with shared experiences.
5. Academic or critical biography – links a life story to theory, history, or social context.
6. Community biography – based on oral histories and collective storytelling.
7. Decolonised biography – written through indigenous perspectives, focusing on family, rites of passage, spirituality, and justice.

Example: A decolonised biography of Wangari Maathai would highlight how her Kikuyu identity, respect for the land, and the role of women in traditional agriculture influenced her creation of the Green Belt Movement. It would also examine colonial land alienation and patriarchal systems that shaped her activism.

Methods of writing a biography

• Planning – define purpose, audience, and scope. Reflect on your relationship to the person and your reason for telling their story.
• Consulting – seek consent or guidance from the person, family, or community elders.
• Identifying the person – clarify who the subject is and why their life is significant.
• Collecting information – gather interviews, oral histories, documents, and community accounts (imbizo or baliano).
• Including cultural context – record rites of passage, kinship ties, and cultural influences. For Maathai, this includes initiation rites and the spiritual importance of the fig tree (mugumo).
• Verifying information – check facts, cross-check stories, and confirm with multiple sources.
• Organising and analysing – group information by themes such as education, resistance, leadership, and community.
• Writing up – write clearly and respectfully, using concepts such as ujamaa, Ubuntu, harambee, and sankofa to interpret the story.
• Reviewing and editing – seek feedback from those close to the subject for accuracy and tone.
• Publishing – choose formats that reach both academic and community audiences.
• Reflection and legacy – end with lessons and ongoing influence. In Maathai’s case, her legacy continues in environmental education and women’s empowerment across Africa.

What to include in a biographical report, manuscript, or article

• Title and abstract
• Introduction and purpose
• Biographer details or positionality statement
• Early life, rites of passage, and cultural roots
• Extended and tribal family connections
• Education and learning
• Career and contributions
• Challenges and resistance
• Values, beliefs, and spirituality
• Relationships and community impact
• Historical and political context
• Legacy and continuing influence
• Conclusion and lessons learned

Theory

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Model

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Testimonial

A testimonial is a personal statement or account that describes an individual’s experiences, achievements, or qualities. It is often used to provide credibility, endorsement, or recognition, either in professional, academic, or community contexts. A decolonised testimonial values not only individual accomplishments but also relationships, community contributions, and cultural context, recognising collective support and shared success.

Types of testimonials

1. Professional testimonial – highlights work performance, skills, or contributions in a workplace or organisational setting.
2. Academic testimonial – recognises achievements, learning, or research contributions in educational contexts.
3. Personal testimonial – shares lived experiences, personal growth, or character references.
4. Critical testimonial – reflects on systemic challenges or barriers the person overcame, highlighting resilience and agency.
5. Decolonised testimonial – emphasises cultural identity, community support, rites of passage, and collective achievements alongside individual accomplishments.

Methods for writing a testimonial

• Planning – define the purpose, audience, and type of testimonial.
• Identifying the subject – clarify who the testimonial is about and why their story or contribution is significant.
• Gathering information – collect personal experiences, achievements, community roles, or examples of impact.
• Consulting – where appropriate, verify details with the person or their family/community members.
• Writing clearly – use concise, positive, and respectful language. Include concrete examples to illustrate qualities or achievements.
• Including context – mention cultural, social, or historical factors that shaped the person’s contributions.
• Reviewing and editing – ensure accuracy, tone, and relevance.
• Finalising – present the testimonial in a format suitable for its intended use, such as a letter, article, or online profile.

What to include in a testimonial

• Name of the person being recognised
• Relationship of the writer to the person
• Specific achievements, experiences, or qualities
• Examples that demonstrate impact or contribution
• Cultural or community context (for decolonised testimonials)
• Date and signature or author details if required

Funding Proposal

A funding proposal is a structured document submitted to a funder, donor, or organisation requesting financial support for a project, programme, or initiative. A well-prepared proposal demonstrates the need, objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and sustainability of the project. In African contexts, proposals should integrate community priorities, collective knowledge, and culturally appropriate approaches. Ubuntu ethics, emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and shared responsibility, should guide the process.

Types of funding proposals

1. Project funding – requests support for specific initiatives or interventions.
2. Programme funding – seeks resources for broader or ongoing programmes.
3. Community-driven funding – developed with input from the community to meet local needs.
4. Organisational support – requests funding for capacity building, infrastructure, or operational costs.
5. Critical or decolonised funding – ensures funds are used to address systemic inequities and promote social justice.

Key and related terms

• Funding proposal – A document requesting financial support for a project, programme, or organisation.
• Grant application – Another term for a funding proposal, often used in formal funding calls.
• Donor – An individual, organisation, or government providing funds.
• Budget – Detailed financial plan outlining how funds will be used.
• Sustainability plan – Explanation of how the project or programme will continue after funding ends.
• Outcomes – The measurable results expected from the project or programme.

How to create a funding proposal

• Planning – define the purpose, target beneficiaries, and goals of the project or programme.
• Research – gather evidence on the need, context, and potential impact of the project.
• Consultation – engage stakeholders, community members, or co-facilitators to ensure perspectives are included.
• Structuring – organise content with clear sections: executive summary, background, objectives, methodology, budget, and evaluation.
• Drafting – write clearly and persuasively, using concise language and actionable plans.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, clarity, and alignment with funder requirements.
• Validation – share the draft with partners or community representatives for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, format professionally, and prepare supporting documents.

What to include in a funding proposal

• Title – clear and descriptive of the project or programme
• Executive summary – brief overview of the project, objectives, and funding request
• Background or context – evidence of need and relevance to community or sector
• Objectives – what the project intends to achieve
• Methodology – detailed plan of activities, timelines, and responsibilities
• Budget – clear breakdown of costs and funding required
• Expected outcomes – measurable results and benefits
• Sustainability plan – how the project will continue beyond the funding period
• Monitoring and evaluation – methods for tracking progress and impact
• References – sources of evidence or research consulted
• Author or team details – include positionality or organisational background if relevant

Community Development Plan (same as Village Development Plan)

A community or village development plan is a structured framework outlining strategies, actions, and resources to improve the social, economic, cultural, and environmental wellbeing of a community. It identifies community needs, sets priorities, and guides collective action. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises reciprocity, respect, shared responsibility, and participation, ensuring the plan reflects local knowledge, values, and cultural practices.

Types of community development plans

1. Economic development plan – focuses on income-generating activities, local business support, and employment.
2. Social development plan – addresses education, health, welfare, and social cohesion.
3. Cultural development plan – promotes preservation, practice, and celebration of cultural knowledge and traditions.
4. Environmental development plan – focuses on sustainable use of natural resources and environmental protection.
5. Critical or decolonised plan – addresses systemic inequities, historical injustices, and power imbalances.

Key and related terms

• Community development plan – A structured strategy for collective action to improve community wellbeing.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in planning, implementing, or benefiting from the plan.
• Needs assessment – A process to identify community priorities, gaps, and resources.
• Action plan – Detailed steps, timelines, and responsibilities for implementing development initiatives.
• Monitoring and evaluation – Methods for tracking progress, outcomes, and impact.
• Sustainability – Strategies to ensure benefits continue beyond the initial implementation phase.

How to create a community development plan

• Planning – define objectives, scope, and the intended outcomes of the plan.
• Community engagement – consult widely with community members, leaders, and stakeholders to identify needs and priorities.
• Needs assessment – collect data on social, economic, cultural, and environmental conditions.
• Setting priorities – determine key focus areas based on community input and feasibility.
• Action planning – develop concrete activities, timelines, responsibilities, and resource requirements.
• Writing up the plan – draft the document clearly, including all sections and guidelines for implementation.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, inclusivity, cultural relevance, and alignment with ethical standards.
• Validation – share the draft with the community, co-facilitators, or local organisations for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, ensure clarity, and prepare supporting materials.

What to include in a community development plan

• Title – clear and descriptive of the community or initiative
• Executive summary – brief overview of objectives, priorities, and expected impact
• Background or context – history, community profile, and social or cultural factors
• Needs assessment – identified challenges and gaps
• Objectives – specific outcomes the plan aims to achieve
• Action plan – detailed activities, responsibilities, timelines, and resources
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for measuring success
• Sustainability – strategies for maintaining benefits over time
• Stakeholders – roles and responsibilities of community members, leaders, and partners
• Author or issuing body – include positionality or organisational background if relevant

Gender Policy

A gender policy is a structured document that outlines an organisation’s or community’s commitment to gender equality, equity, and inclusion. It provides principles, guidelines, and strategies to address gender disparities, promote participation, and ensure that policies, programmes, and practices are sensitive to the needs of all genders. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises respect, reciprocity, shared responsibility, and social justice.

Types of gender policies

1. Organisational gender policy – guides internal practices, workplace equity, and staff development.
2. Community-focused gender policy – addresses social, cultural, and economic gender inequalities in local communities.
3. Sector-specific gender policy – applied in areas such as health, education, or governance to ensure gender-responsive practices.
4. Critical or decolonised gender policy – examines power relations, systemic inequities, and historical gender injustices.

Key and related terms

• Gender policy – A framework guiding actions and decisions to promote gender equality and equity.
• Gender mainstreaming – The integration of gender considerations into policies, programmes, and projects.
• Gender equity – Fairness in treatment and access to opportunities for all genders.
• Gender equality – Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for people of all genders.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in developing, implementing, or benefiting from the policy.
• Monitoring and evaluation – Methods for tracking policy implementation and outcomes.

How to create a gender policy

• Planning – define objectives, scope, and the intended outcomes of the policy.
• Research – gather evidence on gender disparities, local norms, legal frameworks, and best practices.
• Consultation – engage stakeholders, including women, men, and gender-diverse groups, to ensure perspectives are included.
• Structuring – organise content with clear sections: introduction, objectives, principles, strategies, and implementation.
• Drafting – write clearly, using concise, actionable, and inclusive language.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and alignment with ethical and legal standards.
• Validation – share the draft with community representatives, co-facilitators, or organisational leaders for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, format professionally, and prepare supporting materials.

What to include in a gender policy

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Executive summary – brief overview of objectives and key strategies
• Background or context – evidence of gender disparities and social or cultural factors
• Objectives – specific outcomes the policy aims to achieve
• Guiding principles – values such as community I am because we are, familyhood, justice
• Strategies and actions – concrete measures for addressing gender gaps
• Implementation plan – roles, responsibilities, timelines, and resources
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for tracking progress
• Stakeholders – roles of community members, leaders, and partners
• Author or issuing body – include positionality or organisational background if relevant

A decolonised, Ubuntu-informed gender policy ensures that strategies and actions are participatory, culturally relevant, and grounded in equity, social justice, and shared responsibility.

Disability Policy

A disability policy is a structured document that outlines an organisation’s, government’s, or community’s commitment to promoting the rights, inclusion, and participation of people with disabilities. It provides principles, guidelines, and strategies to remove barriers, ensure accessibility, and create equitable opportunities. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.

Types of disability policies

1. Organisational disability policy – guides internal practices, accessibility, staff inclusion, and service provision.
2. Community-focused disability policy – addresses social, economic, and cultural inclusion for people with disabilities.
3. Sector-specific disability policy – applied in health, education, transport, or governance to ensure disability-responsive practices.
4. Critical or decolonised disability policy – addresses systemic inequities, historical exclusion, and power imbalances.

Key and related terms

• Disability policy – Framework guiding actions to promote inclusion, rights, and equity for people with disabilities.
• Accessibility – Ensuring environments, services, and information are usable by all, including persons with disabilities.
• Inclusion – Meaningful participation of people with disabilities in social, economic, and cultural life.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in policy development, implementation, or advocacy.
• Reasonable accommodation – Adjustments or supports to enable full participation of people with disabilities.
• Monitoring and evaluation – Methods to track policy implementation, outcomes, and impact.

How to create a disability policy

• Planning – define objectives, scope, and expected outcomes.
• Research – gather evidence on barriers, needs, legal frameworks, and best practices.
• Consultation – engage people with disabilities, community members, and co-facilitators to ensure perspectives are included.
• Structuring – organise content with clear sections: introduction, objectives, principles, strategies, and implementation.
• Drafting – write clearly, using concise, inclusive, and actionable language.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and alignment with ethical and legal standards.
• Validation – share the draft with stakeholders, organisations, or community representatives for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, format professionally, and prepare supporting materials.

What to include in a disability policy

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Executive summary – brief overview of objectives and key strategies
• Background or context – evidence of barriers, inclusion gaps, and social or cultural factors
• Objectives – specific outcomes the policy aims to achieve
• Guiding principles – values such as equity, accessibility, inclusion, and justice
• Strategies and actions – concrete measures to remove barriers and promote participation
• Implementation plan – roles, responsibilities, timelines, and resources
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for tracking progress and outcomes
• Stakeholders – roles of people with disabilities, community members, and partners
• Author or issuing body – include positionality or organisational background if relevant

Child Development and Protection Policy

A child development and protection policy is a structured document that sets out an organisation’s, government’s, or community’s commitment to the rights, responsibilities, wellbeing, and safety of children. It provides principles, guidelines, and strategies to promote healthy development, prevent abuse or neglect, and ensure that children are protected in all environments. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises care, respect, shared responsibility, and social justice.

Types of child development and protection policies

1. Organisational policy – guides internal practices, child safeguarding, and staff responsibilities.
2. Community-focused policy – addresses child welfare, protection, and development in local settings.
3. Sector-specific policy – applied in education, health, or social services to ensure child-centred practices.
4. Critical or decolonised policy – addresses systemic inequities, historical vulnerabilities, and power imbalances affecting children.

Key and related terms

• Child development and protection policy – A framework guiding actions to promote the rights, responsibilities, wellbeing, and safety of children.
• Child safeguarding – Measures to prevent abuse, neglect, or exploitation.
• Child rights – Legal and moral entitlements of children to protection, education, health, participation, and development.
• Child responsibilities – Duties of children, such as respecting others, participating positively in community life, and caring for their own wellbeing.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in policy development, implementation, or child advocacy.
• Monitoring and evaluation – Methods to track policy implementation, outcomes, and impact.
• Participation – Ensuring children’s voices are considered in decisions affecting them.

How to create a child development and protection policy

• Planning – define objectives, scope, and expected outcomes.
• Research – gather evidence on child needs, protection gaps, legal frameworks, and best practices.
• Consultation – engage children, caregivers, community members, and co-facilitators to ensure perspectives are included.
• Structuring – organise content with clear sections: introduction, objectives, principles, strategies, and implementation.
• Drafting – write clearly, using concise, child-sensitive, and actionable language.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and alignment with ethical and legal standards.
• Validation – share the draft with stakeholders, children’s representatives, or relevant organisations for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback, format professionally, and prepare supporting materials.

What to include in a child development and protection policy

• Title – clear and descriptive
• Executive summary – brief overview of objectives and key strategies
• Background or context – evidence of child protection needs and social or cultural factors
• Objectives – specific outcomes the policy aims to achieve
• Guiding principles – values such as care, protection, equity, participation, and responsibility
• Strategies and actions – measures for promoting child development, safeguarding, rights, and responsibilities
• Implementation plan – roles, responsibilities, timelines, and resources
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for tracking progress and outcomes
• Stakeholders – roles of children, caregivers, community members, and partners
• Author or issuing body – include positionality or organisational background if relevant

Household and Family Development Plan

A household development plan is a structured framework that guides families or households in improving their social, economic, educational, and health outcomes. It identifies household needs, sets priorities, and outlines practical steps for sustainable improvement. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises shared responsibility, collective wellbeing, and respect for all household members.

Types of household development plans

1. Economic development – focuses on income-generating activities, savings, and financial management.
2. Social development – addresses health, education, welfare, and family cohesion.
3. Cultural development – promotes participation in cultural practices, customs, and values.
4. Environmental development – focuses on sustainable use of resources, hygiene, and sanitation.
5. Critical or decolonised – addresses inequalities, power dynamics, and historical disadvantages within or affecting the household.

Key and related terms

• Household development plan – A structured strategy to improve household wellbeing and resilience.
• Needs assessment – Process of identifying gaps, priorities, and resources within a household.
• Action plan – Concrete steps, responsibilities, and timelines for implementing household initiatives.
• Stakeholders – Household members and, where relevant, extended family or community advisors.
• Monitoring and evaluation – Methods to track progress and outcomes.
• Sustainability – Strategies to maintain improvements over time.

How to create a household development plan

• Planning – define objectives, scope, and expected outcomes for the household.
• Household consultation – engage all members to identify priorities, needs, and responsibilities.
• Needs assessment – gather information on economic, social, educational, and health conditions.
• Setting priorities – determine key focus areas based on needs, feasibility, and household capacity.
• Action planning – develop clear activities, responsibilities, timelines, and resource requirements.
• Writing up the plan – draft the document clearly, including all sections and practical guidelines.
• Reviewing – check for accuracy, inclusivity, and cultural relevance.
• Validation – share the draft with household members or extended family for feedback.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback and ensure clarity and usability.

What to include in a household development plan

• Title – clear and descriptive of the household or initiative
• Executive summary – brief overview of objectives, priorities, and expected impact
• Background or context – household profile, history, and social or cultural factors
• Needs assessment – identified challenges, gaps, and opportunities
• Objectives – specific outcomes the plan aims to achieve
• Action plan – detailed activities, responsibilities, timelines, and resources
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for tracking progress
• Sustainability – strategies for maintaining improvements over time
• Stakeholders – roles of household members, extended family, and advisors
• Author or preparer – include positionality or household context if relevant

Family Tree or Genogram

A family tree, sometimes called a genogram, is a diagram that shows a person’s ancestry and family relationships. In African contexts, family trees are used to identify sources of support within the family, a strength-based approach.

Purpose
The purpose of a family tree is to map relationships, understand family structures, and identify social and cultural support systems. It helps individuals and communities recognise connections and sources of assistance.

Important elements to include in an African genogram

• Name of the whole family (sometimes called tribe)
  • Symbol of the tribe (animal, tree, part of an animal, land, or artefact) that binds members together, similar to living DNA.
  • Respect the names of the tribe.
• Name of the larger family (sometimes called extended family)
  • Different houses of the tribe.
  • Respect the name of each house.
• Name of the immediate family (parents, maternal and paternal grandparents)
  • Often includes multiple grandparents for each person.
• Name of the nuclear family (parents and children)
  • May include several parents, sisters, and brothers for each person.

What to expect on an African family tree

• A husband with more than one wife.
• Women or men remarrying within the families of their spouse if the spouse is deceased.
• People of the same blood not marrying, although some groups, such as the Remba/Lemba, allow marriage between distant houses.
• Geographical locations of family members.
• Deceased members and the location of their graves.

What not to include or expect on an African family tree

• Pets.
• Unknown gender or sex.
• Non-biologically adopted children.
• Abortions.
• Engagements.

How to create a family tree

1. Planning – define the scope (whole family, extended, immediate, or nuclear).
2. Gathering information – speak with family members, elders, or community sources.
3. Documentation – record names, relationships, symbols, and relevant details.
4. Visualisation – draw the tree showing relationships, houses, and tribe symbols.
5. Verification – confirm details with knowledgeable family members.
6. Updating – add new family members or changes over time.
7. Use – incorporate the family tree in family or community planning and understanding.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect – honour names, symbols, and cultural practices.
• Confidentiality – safeguard sensitive information.
• Accuracy – represent family relationships faithfully.

Needs Assessment Guide and Report

A needs assessment is a systematic process to identify gaps, priorities, and resources within a community, organisation, household, or target group. It informs planning, decision-making, and resource allocation. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach ensures participation, respect, and collective responsibility, centring local knowledge and perspectives.

Types of needs assessments

1. Community needs assessment – identifies social, economic, cultural, and environmental gaps in a community.
2. Organisational needs assessment – focuses on skills, capacity, systems, and resources within an organisation.
3. Household needs assessment – identifies gaps in income, health, education, and wellbeing for family planning.
4. Critical or decolonised assessment – examines systemic inequities, historical disadvantages, and power dynamics affecting the group.

Key and related terms

• Needs assessment – Systematic process to identify gaps, priorities, and resources.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in identifying needs or contributing to solutions.
• Data collection – Gathering information through interviews, surveys, observation, or document review.
• Analysis – Interpreting data to prioritise needs and identify solutions.
• Recommendations – Proposed actions to address identified gaps.
• Report – Document presenting findings, analysis, and recommendations.

How to conduct a needs assessment

• Planning – define purpose, scope, objectives, and target group.
• Stakeholder engagement – involve relevant individuals or groups to ensure inclusive perspectives.
• Data collection – use qualitative and quantitative methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observation.
• Data analysis – review, interpret, and prioritise identified needs.
• Validation – share preliminary findings with stakeholders for feedback and accuracy.
• Reporting – compile findings into a clear, structured document.
• Review – check the report for accuracy, clarity, cultural sensitivity, and relevance.
• Finalising – incorporate feedback and prepare the report for dissemination or use in planning.

What to include in a needs assessment report

• Title – descriptive of the focus or target group
• Executive summary – brief overview of purpose, key findings, and recommendations
• Background or context – rationale, history, and scope of the assessment
• Methodology – data collection and analysis methods, including stakeholder engagement
• Findings – identified gaps, priorities, and resources
• Analysis – interpretation of findings, patterns, and implications
• Recommendations – suggested actions, strategies, or interventions
• Implementation considerations – timelines, responsibilities, and resources needed
• Monitoring and evaluation – indicators and methods for tracking progress
• References – sources of data or literature consulted
• Author or team – include positionality or organisational context if relevant

Monitoring and Evaluation Guide and Report

Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a systematic process to track the progress, effectiveness, and impact of projects, programmes, policies, or interventions. Monitoring focuses on ongoing tracking of activities and outputs, while evaluation assesses outcomes, results, and overall effectiveness. A decolonised and Ubuntu-informed approach emphasises participation, accountability, shared responsibility, and culturally relevant measures. A decolonised example is Made in Africa Evaluation (MEA), which centres African knowledge systems and perspectives.

Types of M&E

1. Project monitoring – tracks implementation of planned activities and outputs.
2. Programme evaluation – assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of broader initiatives.
3. Community-based M&E – involves local stakeholders in tracking and evaluating interventions.
4. Critical or decolonised M&E – examines systemic inequities, power dynamics, and historical context to ensure socially just outcomes, exemplified by MEA.

Key and related terms

• Monitoring – Continuous tracking of activities, resources, and outputs.
• Evaluation – Systematic assessment of outcomes, effectiveness, and impact.
• Indicators – Measures used to assess progress, success, and impact.
• Baseline – Initial data collected before implementation for comparison.
• Stakeholders – Individuals, groups, or organisations involved in implementation, monitoring, or evaluation.
• Reporting – Communicating findings, lessons, and recommendations.
• Feedback loop – Mechanisms to use findings for improvement.

How to conduct M&E

• Planning – define objectives, scope, indicators, and data collection methods.
• Baseline assessment – collect initial data to establish a reference point.
• Stakeholder engagement – involve relevant community members, participants, or partners in tracking progress and assessing outcomes.
• Data collection – gather quantitative and qualitative data regularly.
• Data analysis – interpret data to assess progress, outcomes, and impact.
• Reporting – prepare clear reports highlighting findings, challenges, and recommendations.
• Feedback and learning – use results to improve strategies, decision-making, and implementation.
• Review – ensure accuracy, cultural relevance, and alignment with ethical standards.

What to include in an M&E guide

• Purpose and objectives
• Scope of M&E
• Indicators and measures
• Data collection methods
• Stakeholder engagement
• Analysis plan
• Reporting format and timing
• Feedback and learning mechanisms

What to include in an M&E report

• Title – descriptive of the project or programme
• Executive summary – overview of purpose, key findings, and recommendations
• Background or context – rationale, objectives, and scope of the M&E
• Methodology – data collection methods, analysis approaches, and stakeholder involvement
• Findings – results from monitoring and evaluation activities
• Analysis – interpretation of findings, trends, successes, and challenges
• Recommendations – actions to improve future implementation or impact
• Implementation considerations – timelines, responsibilities, and resources
• Stakeholders – roles of participants, community members, and partners
• Author or team – include positionality or organisational context if relevant

Baliano Guide

A baliano is an African consultation method that blends individual and group decision-making. It is ideal for participants who are not located in one place. This method values collective knowledge, participation, and cultural respect, allowing diverse voices to contribute to decision-making and project development.

Purpose
The purpose of this baliano is to gather feedback and contributions from participants to inform and improve a draft document, protocol, or plan, ensuring it reflects lived experiences, practical needs, and inclusive perspectives.

Structure

• Rounds of consultation – the number can vary depending on the context, with three rounds being standard.
• Time commitment – approximately one hour per round.
• Participation method – contributions can be submitted individually or in small groups, then synthesised collectively.

How to conduct the baliano

1. Planning – define consultation objectives, target participants, and rounds of engagement.
2. Preparation of materials – share the draft document with participants ahead of each round.
3. Designing questions – provide clear, open-ended prompts for each section.
4. Engagement – invite participants to provide their insights individually or in discussion groups.
5. Data collection – record contributions accurately, ensuring anonymity where appropriate.
6. Synthesis – combine individual and group inputs, identifying common themes and areas for refinement.
7. Validation – share a summary of the consolidated contributions with participants for feedback.
8. Reporting – document final insights, decisions, and recommendations.

Key principles

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Inclusivity – ensuring all voices, especially those with lived experience, are valued.
• Transparency – clearly communicate how feedback will be used.
• Iterative learning – each round builds on the previous round to refine the document.

What to include in a baliano guide

• Title – descriptive of the consultation
• Purpose and objectives – why the baliano is being conducted
• Structure – number of rounds, time commitment, and method of participation
• Target participants – individuals or groups to consult
• Questions or discussion prompts – guiding the consultation
• Data collection methods – how responses will be recorded and managed
• Synthesis plan – how individual and group inputs will be combined and analysed
• Validation process – how findings will be confirmed with participants
• Reporting – format for documenting insights and recommendations
• Key principles – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Indaba

An indaba is an African consultation and dialogue method that brings together community members, stakeholders, or participants to discuss, share ideas, and make collective decisions. It is grounded in respect, inclusivity, and Ubuntu, emphasising dialogue, listening, and consensus-building.

Purpose
The purpose of an indaba is to gather insights, experiences, and recommendations from participants to inform decisions, develop strategies, or refine policies, programmes, or plans. It values collective knowledge and ensures that all voices are heard.

Structure

• Sessions – the number of sessions can vary depending on the context; discussions can be held in one or multiple meetings.
• Time commitment – typically 1–3 hours per session, depending on topics and participant engagement.
• Participation method – participants sit together in a circle or forum to facilitate open discussion and equal participation.

How to conduct the indaba

1. Planning – define objectives, target participants, and session structure.
2. Preparation of materials – prepare discussion topics, background documents, and prompts.
3. Facilitator role – guide the discussion, ensure respect, manage time, and encourage participation.
4. Engagement – create a safe space for participants to share ideas and experiences.
5. Documentation – record key points, decisions, and recommendations accurately.
6. Synthesis – analyse contributions, identify themes, and summarise insights.
7. Validation – share summaries with participants or communities to confirm accuracy.
8. Reporting – document final outcomes, decisions, and recommendations.

Key principles

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Inclusivity – ensuring all voices, especially marginalised or underrepresented perspectives, are heard.
• Transparency – openly communicate the purpose, process, and use of information.
• Consensus-building – decisions and recommendations emerge through dialogue and collective agreement.

What to include in an indaba guide

• Title – descriptive of the consultation or discussion
• Purpose and objectives – why the indaba is being conducted
• Structure – number of sessions, time per session, and participation format
• Target participants – individuals, groups, or communities to engage
• Discussion topics or prompts – guiding the conversation
• Facilitation notes – instructions for moderators or facilitators
• Documentation methods – how notes, recordings, or minutes will be captured
• Synthesis plan – how discussions will be analysed and summarised
• Validation process – confirming findings with participants
• Reporting – format for documenting outcomes, recommendations, and lessons learned
• Key principles – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Imbizo

An imbizo is an African gathering used to bring together leaders, community members, or stakeholders to discuss important issues, share information, and make collective decisions. It emphasises respect, dialogue, and Ubuntu, promoting participation, accountability, and community engagement.

Purpose
The purpose of an imbizo is to consult, inform, and involve participants in decision-making, policy development, or community initiatives. It values collective wisdom and ensures that all relevant voices are heard.

Structure

• Sessions – the number of gatherings can vary depending on the context. One or multiple sessions may be held.
• Time commitment – typically 1–3 hours per session, depending on topics and participant engagement.
• Participation method – participants sit in a circle or forum to encourage open dialogue and equal participation.

How to conduct the imbizo

1. Planning – define objectives, target participants, and session structure.
2. Preparation of materials – prepare discussion topics, background information, and prompts.
3. Facilitator role – guide the conversation, manage time, ensure respect, and encourage participation.
4. Engagement – create a safe and inclusive space for sharing ideas and experiences.
5. Documentation – record key points, decisions, and recommendations accurately.
6. Synthesis – analyse contributions, identify themes, and summarise insights.
7. Validation – share summaries with participants to confirm accuracy.
8. Reporting – document outcomes, decisions, and recommendations.

Key principles

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Inclusivity – ensuring all voices, especially marginalised or underrepresented perspectives, are heard.
• Transparency – clearly communicate the purpose, process, and use of information.
• Consensus-building – decisions and recommendations emerge through dialogue and collective agreement.

What to include in an imbizo guide

• Title – descriptive of the consultation or gathering
• Purpose and objectives – why the imbizo is being conducted
• Structure – number of sessions, duration, and participation format
• Target participants – individuals, groups, or communities to engage
• Discussion topics or prompts – guiding the conversation
• Facilitation notes – instructions for moderators or facilitators
• Documentation methods – how notes, recordings, or minutes will be captured
• Synthesis plan – how discussions will be analysed and summarised
• Validation process – confirming findings with participants
• Reporting – format for documenting outcomes, recommendations, and lessons learnt
• Key principles – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Dare

A dare is an African participatory method where two or more people come together to discuss community or organisational matters, resolve issues, or make collective decisions. It is grounded in Ubuntu principles, emphasising dialogue, mutual respect, and shared responsibility.

Purpose
The purpose of a dare is to engage participants in decision-making, problem-solving, or planning processes, ensuring that diverse perspectives and local knowledge are considered.

Structure

• Sessions – can vary depending on context; may be a single meeting or multiple sessions.
• Time commitment – usually 1–3 hours per session, depending on topics and participant engagement.
• Participation method – participants sit together in a forum or circle to facilitate open discussion and collective decision-making.

How to conduct the dare

1. Planning – define objectives, target participants, and session structure.
2. Preparation of materials – prepare discussion topics, background documents, and prompts.
3. Facilitator role – guide the conversation, manage time, encourage participation, and maintain respect.
4. Engagement – create a safe and inclusive environment for sharing ideas and resolving issues.
5. Documentation – record key points, decisions, and recommendations accurately.
6. Synthesis – analyse contributions, identify themes, and summarise insights.
7. Validation – share summaries with participants to confirm accuracy.
8. Reporting – document outcomes, decisions, and recommendations.

Key principles

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Inclusivity – ensuring all voices, especially marginalised perspectives, are heard.
• Transparency – clearly communicate the purpose, process, and use of information.
• Consensus-building – decisions and recommendations emerge through dialogue and agreement.

What to include in a dare guide

• Title – descriptive of the consultation or discussion
• Purpose and objectives – why the dare is being conducted
• Structure – number of sessions, duration, and participation format
• Target participants – two or more people or groups to engage
• Discussion topics or prompts – guiding the conversation
• Facilitation notes – instructions for moderators or facilitators
• Documentation methods – how notes, recordings, or minutes will be captured
• Synthesis plan – how discussions will be analysed and summarised
• Validation process – confirming findings with participants
• Reporting – format for documenting outcomes, decisions, and lessons learnt
• Key principles – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Interview Guide

An interviewee guide is a structured framework designed to support individuals being interviewed in research, evaluation, or consultation processes. It ensures that participants understand the purpose of the interview, the topics to be discussed, and their role in contributing meaningful insights.

Purpose
The purpose of an interviewee guide is to prepare participants to provide clear, relevant, and reflective responses, ensuring that their experiences and perspectives are accurately captured and valued.

Types of interviews

• In-depth (or detailed) vs shallow (or brief) – in-depth interviews explore experiences, opinions, and feelings in detail, while shallow interviews capture surface-level responses.
• Decolonised vs colonised – decolonised interviews focus on narratives and perspectives that challenge colonial frameworks, emphasising African knowledge systems and values; colonised interviews follow dominant Western frameworks.
• Indigenous vs westernised – indigenous interviews centre on local cultural knowledge, practices, and worldviews, while westernised interviews adopt frameworks, assumptions, or methods derived from Western systems.
• Critical – examines power, inequities, and systemic issues, encouraging reflection on broader social, political, or organisational structures.
• Individual, group, or community – conducted with a single participant, a small group, or an entire community to capture perspectives at different levels.
• Question and answer – follows a structured format with specific questions and expected responses.
• Topics and discussion – guided by broad themes, allowing participants to discuss and explore issues freely.
• Sitting, walking or working interview – different settings

Structure

• Number of interviews – can vary depending on the research or consultation needs.
• Time commitment – typically 30–90 minutes per interview.
• Participation method – one-on-one, small group, or community forum, in person, by phone, or online.

How to conduct the interview

1. Planning – define the objectives of the interview and the topics to be covered.
2. Preparation – provide the interviewee with information about the interview, including purpose, format, and expected outcomes.
3. Designing questions – develop clear, open-ended questions that encourage reflection and detailed responses.
4. Engagement – create a safe and respectful environment where the interviewee feels comfortable sharing their experiences.
5. Documentation – accurately record responses, notes, or transcripts while maintaining confidentiality.
6. Clarification – ask follow-up questions if responses need further detail or explanation.
7. Validation – allow the interviewee to review key points or summaries for accuracy.
8. Reporting – summarise insights and integrate them into the broader research or consultation outputs.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect and confidentiality – ensure interviewees feel safe and their information is protected.
• Inclusivity – valuing the perspectives of all participants, especially those with lived experience or marginalised voices.
• Transparency – clearly explain how responses will be used and reported.

What to include in an interviewee guide

• Title – descriptive of the interview or research focus
• Purpose and objectives – why the interview is being conducted
• Interview structure – number, duration, and method of interviews
• Participant role – expectations and responsibilities of the interviewee
• Topics – broad themes or areas of discussion to guide responses
• Questions or prompts – guiding the interview discussion within each topic
• Confidentiality and consent – how responses will be protected and used
• Documentation – how responses will be recorded and stored
• Validation process – how interviewees can verify accuracy of their contributions
• Reporting – format for summarising insights and recommendations
• Key ethics – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Focus Group Discussion Guide (not the same as a group interview guide)

A focus group discussion (FGD) guide is a structured framework designed to support the facilitation of group discussions in research, evaluation, or consultation. It helps ensure that participants understand the purpose, topics, and expected outcomes, and that the discussion remains focused and productive.

Purpose
The purpose of an FGD guide is to gather diverse perspectives, experiences, and insights from a group, enabling a deeper understanding of community views, organisational processes, or programme effectiveness.

Types of FGDs

• Decolonised – prioritises African knowledge systems, local perspectives, and culturally relevant methods.
• Indigenous – centres on local practices, customs, and worldviews.
• Critical – explores power dynamics, inequities, and systemic issues.
• Mixed – combines participants with diverse backgrounds to generate multiple viewpoints.
• Topic-specific – focuses on a single theme or programme area.

Structure

• Number of participants – typically 6–12 per group to allow meaningful discussion.
• Time commitment – usually 1–2 hours per session.
• Participation method – in person, online, or hybrid formats.

How to conduct the FGD

1. Planning – define objectives, participant selection criteria, and discussion structure.
2. Preparation – develop discussion topics, prompts, and materials for the facilitator.
3. Facilitation – guide discussion, manage time, ensure inclusivity, and maintain respect.
4. Engagement – create a safe environment for all participants to share ideas freely.
5. Documentation – accurately record discussions through notes, audio, or video.
6. Clarification – probe responses for depth or additional detail.
7. Synthesis – analyse contributions, identify themes, and summarise findings.
8. Validation – share summaries with participants or community members for accuracy.
9. Reporting – document outcomes, key insights, and recommendations.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect and confidentiality – ensure participants feel safe and information is protected.
• Inclusivity – encourage participation from all members, especially marginalised voices.
• Transparency – clearly explain the purpose, process, and use of findings.

What to include in an FGD guide

• Title – descriptive of the discussion or research focus
• Purpose and objectives – why the FGD is being conducted
• Participant selection – criteria and number of participants
• Structure – duration, number of sessions, and participation format
• Topics – broad themes or discussion areas
• Questions or prompts – guiding the conversation under each topic
• Facilitation notes – instructions for moderators, including probes and follow-ups
• Documentation – how notes, recordings, or transcripts will be captured
• Synthesis plan – how discussions will be analysed and summarised
• Validation process – confirming findings with participants or community
• Reporting – format for summarising insights and recommendations
• Key ethics – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Survey Guide

A survey guide is a structured framework designed to plan, implement, and analyse surveys for research, evaluation, or consultation purposes. It ensures that participants understand the purpose of the survey, the type of questions asked, and how their responses will be used.

Purpose
The purpose of a survey guide is to collect quantitative and qualitative data systematically, allowing organisations or researchers to understand trends, opinions, needs, or experiences across a population or group.

Types of surveys

• Decolonised – focuses on local perspectives and culturally relevant questions.
• Indigenous – centred on local knowledge, customs, and community priorities.
• Critical – examines systemic issues, inequities, and power dynamics.
• Individual, group, or community – conducted with single respondents, selected groups, or entire communities.
• Closed-ended – respondents choose from predefined options.
• Open-ended – allows respondents to provide detailed, narrative responses.

Structure

• Target population – define who will participate in the survey.
• Sample size – determine the number of respondents needed for reliable results.
• Time commitment – typically 15–60 minutes per participant, depending on survey length.
• Mode – in person, online, by phone, or hybrid.

How to conduct the survey

1. Planning – define objectives, key questions, and participant selection.
2. Design – develop clear, culturally appropriate questions with response options if needed.
3. Pre-testing – pilot the survey with a small group to identify issues or unclear items.
4. Administration – distribute the survey and provide guidance for completion.
5. Documentation – collect responses systematically, ensuring confidentiality.
6. Analysis – summarise, code, and interpret data.
7. Validation – review results with stakeholders or participants to confirm accuracy.
8. Reporting – present findings in a clear and actionable format.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect and confidentiality – protect participants’ identities and responses.
• Inclusivity – ensure all relevant groups can participate.
• Transparency – explain the purpose of the survey and how results will be used.

What to include in a survey guide

• Title – descriptive of the survey focus
• Purpose and objectives – why the survey is being conducted
• Target population – who will participate and selection criteria
• Survey structure – number, type of questions, and format
• Topics – broad themes or areas the survey will cover
• Questions or prompts – specific questions under each topic
• Administration instructions – guidance for participants and enumerators
• Documentation – how responses will be recorded and stored
• Analysis plan – how data will be summarised and interpreted
• Validation process – confirming results with participants or stakeholders
• Reporting – format for presenting findings and recommendations
• Key ethics – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Experiment Guide

An experiment guide is a structured framework to plan, conduct, and document experiments in research or evaluation. It ensures that procedures, variables, and expected outcomes are clearly defined and consistently followed.

Purpose
The purpose of an experiment guide is to systematically test hypotheses, observe results, and draw conclusions that are reliable, reproducible, and valid.

Types of experiments

• Social – examines human behaviour, interactions, or social systems.
• Economic – tests theories or interventions related to markets, behaviour, or policy.
• Political – explores governance, decision-making, participation, or policy impact.
• Biological – investigates living organisms, physiological processes, or ecosystems.
• Environmental – studies ecosystems, natural resources, or interventions affecting the environment.
• Laboratory – conducted in controlled settings with precise manipulation of variables.
• Field – conducted in real-world settings to observe natural responses.
• Clinical trials – involve human participants to assess safety, efficacy, or impact of medical or health interventions.
• Decolonised – designs and methods rooted in African knowledge systems and local realities.
• Indigenous – incorporates local practices, worldviews, and cultural contexts.
• Controlled vs naturalistic – controlled experiments manipulate variables; naturalistic observe without interference.
• Individual, group, or community – conducted with single subjects, small groups, or entire communities.

Structure

• Hypothesis – define the question or assumption to be tested.
• Variables – identify independent, dependent, and control variables.
• Materials – list all tools, equipment, and resources needed.
• Participants – select who will be involved and ensure ethical considerations.
• Duration – specify time for setup, execution, and observation.

How to conduct the experiment

1. Planning – define objectives, hypothesis, variables, and participants.
2. Preparation – gather materials, design protocols, and ensure ethical approvals.
3. Implementation – follow procedures carefully, manipulate variables as planned, and record observations.
4. Documentation – keep detailed notes, data sheets, or recordings.
5. Analysis – summarise and interpret results using appropriate methods.
6. Validation – review findings for accuracy, repeat if necessary.
7. Reporting – present results, conclusions, and recommendations.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect for participants – ensure informed consent, safety, and confidentiality.
• Inclusivity – consider diverse participants and perspectives.
• Transparency – clearly explain purpose, procedures, and use of findings.

What to include in an experiment guide

• Title – descriptive of the experiment or research focus
• Purpose and objectives – why the experiment is being conducted
• Hypothesis – what is being tested
• Variables – independent, dependent, and control variables
• Materials – tools, equipment, and resources required
• Participant selection – criteria, number, and roles
• Procedures – step-by-step instructions for conducting the experiment
• Observation and documentation – how data will be recorded and stored
• Analysis plan – how results will be summarised and interpreted
• Validation process – checking for accuracy and reliability
• Reporting – format for presenting findings, conclusions, and recommendations
• Key ethics – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

Photovoice or Photo Method Guide

PhotoVoice is a participatory research method where participants use photography to document their experiences, perspectives, or community issues. It combines visual evidence with narratives, enabling participants to tell their stories in their own voice while empowering them and generating data for research, advocacy, or policy development.

Types / Variations

• Individual – participants capture and reflect on their own experiences.
• Group – participants collaborate to document shared issues or perspectives.
• Community – photographs capture broader social or environmental contexts.
• Decolonised – focuses on African knowledge systems, local contexts, and culturally relevant storytelling.
• Critical – highlights inequalities, power dynamics, or systemic issues.

How to conduct a PhotoVoice project

1. Planning – define objectives, participants, themes, and ethical protocols.
2. Orientation – train participants in photography basics, ethics, and safety.
3. Photo-taking – participants capture images that reflect the research themes.
4. Reflection – participants select key images and provide narratives explaining their significance.
5. Discussion – group or individual sessions to discuss photos, meanings, and insights.
6. Analysis – researchers and participants collaboratively identify patterns, themes, and implications.
7. Reporting – combine images, narratives, and analysis into reports, presentations, or exhibitions.
8. Follow-up – share findings with participants, communities, or decision-makers.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Consent – obtain permission from participants and people photographed.
• Respect – avoid harm, misrepresentation, or invasion of privacy.
• Cultural sensitivity – respect local norms, sacred practices, and community rules.
• Attribution – acknowledge participants as authors of images and narratives.

What to include in a PhotoVoice guide

• Title – descriptive of the PhotoVoice project
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes
• Participants – selection criteria and roles
• Equipment – cameras, phones, or other tools provided
• Themes / topics – focus areas for photography
• Instructions – step-by-step guidance for photo-taking, reflection, and narrative creation
• Discussion and analysis – procedures for collaborative interpretation
• Reporting – format for presenting images, narratives, and findings
• Sharing plan – how outputs will be disseminated
• Ethics – ethical principles including Ubuntu values, consent, and respect

Press Release

A press release, sometimes called a media release or news release, is a written communication directed at the media and influencers to announce news, events, achievements, or organisational updates. It is intended to generate publicity, inform the public, and guide media coverage.

Purpose
The purpose of a press release is to provide accurate, concise, and newsworthy information that can be easily reported or shared by journalists, bloggers, and social media influencers.

Types of press releases

• Announcement – introduces new initiatives, products, or services.
• Event – publicises upcoming events, launches, or meetings.
• Achievement – highlights awards, recognitions, or milestones.
• Crisis – communicates organisational responses to emergencies or challenges.
• Critical – emphasises systemic issues, advocacy, or social impact.
• Decolonised – frames stories using African perspectives, values, and narratives.

Structure

• Headline – clear, attention-grabbing, summarising the news.
• Subheadline (optional) – provides additional context or detail.
• Dateline – includes city, country, and date of release.
• Introduction/lead – first paragraph summarising the key news and significance.
• Body – expands details, provides quotes, statistics, and background information.
• Boilerplate – short paragraph describing the organisation, mission, or purpose.
• Contact information – includes media contact person, email, and phone number.

How to write a press release

1. Planning – define the purpose, audience, and key message.
2. Drafting – write a clear, concise, and factual narrative in a neutral tone.
3. Headline creation – craft an engaging and informative title.
4. Lead paragraph – summarise the news in 1–2 sentences.
5. Body – add supporting details, quotes, and context in descending order of importance.
6. Formatting – keep paragraphs short, use plain language, and follow journalistic conventions.
7. Review – check for accuracy, clarity, and consistency.
8. Approval – get sign-off from organisational communications or leadership if required.
9. Distribution – send to targeted media outlets, journalists, and influencers.
10. Follow-up – monitor coverage and respond to media enquiries.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – emphasising reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Accuracy – ensure all facts, names, and figures are correct.
• Transparency – clearly disclose organisational affiliation and purpose.
• Respect – avoid misleading, sensational, or harmful information.

What to include in a press release

• Title – descriptive of the press release focus
• Purpose – why the release is being issued
• Target audience – media, influencers, or public
• Headline and subheadline – guidance for creating clear titles
• Lead paragraph – instructions for summarising key information
• Body – structure for details, quotes, and context
• Boilerplate – standard organisational description
• Contact information – media liaison details
• Approval process – steps for internal sign-off
• Distribution plan – how and when the release will be shared
• Key ethics – ethical and cultural considerations, including Ubuntu values

News Article Guide

A news article guide provides instructions for planning, writing, and publishing news stories for newspapers, websites, or other media. It helps ensure the story is clear, accurate, timely, and engaging.

Purpose
The purpose of a news article is to inform the public about events, issues, or developments in a factual, concise, and accessible manner.

Types of news articles

• Straight news – factual reporting of events or incidents.
• Feature – in-depth exploration of a topic, person, or issue.
• Investigative – exposes wrongdoing, systemic issues, or hidden information.
• Opinion – presents the writer’s perspective on news events.
• Decolonised – highlights African perspectives, local realities, and culturally relevant narratives.
• Critical – analyses issues with attention to inequalities, policies, or social impact.

Structure

• Headline – clear, concise, and engaging summary of the story.
• Lead paragraph – first paragraph summarising the most important facts (who, what, when, where, why, how).
• Body – detailed information, quotes, background, and context.
• Subheadings – optional, used to break up longer articles for readability.
• Conclusion – wraps up key points or implications.

How to write a news article

1. Planning – define the story, target audience, and key facts.
2. Research – gather information, verify sources, and collect quotes.
3. Drafting – write a first version focusing on clarity and accuracy.
4. Headline creation – craft an attention-grabbing and informative title.
5. Structure content – organise facts in descending order of importance (inverted pyramid).
6. Editing – check grammar, spelling, clarity, and flow.
7. Fact-checking – verify all information, names, dates, and numbers.
8. Review – ensure the story is fair, balanced, and culturally sensitive.
9. Publishing – submit to the media outlet or post online.
10. Follow-up – monitor responses, correct errors if needed.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Accuracy – ensure all facts, quotes, and data are correct.
• Fairness – represent all sides of a story without bias.
• Consent – obtain permission to quote or photograph individuals.
• Respect – avoid sensationalism or content that may harm people or communities.

What to include in a news article

• Title – clear, concise headline summarising the story
• Lead – key facts and context in the first paragraph
• Body – detailed reporting with quotes, background, and supporting information
• Subheadings – optional, to improve readability
• Sources – individuals, organisations, or documents cited
• Images or multimedia – photographs, charts, or videos to support the story
• Attribution – credit all contributors and sources
• Ethical considerations – accuracy, consent, and cultural sensitivity

Blog Post

A blog post guide is a structured framework to plan, write, and publish blog posts for websites, social media, or organisational platforms. It ensures content is clear, engaging, and aligned with the intended purpose and audience.

Purpose
The purpose of a blog post guide is to help writers create content that informs, educates, entertains, or advocates, while maintaining consistency, tone, and quality across posts.

Types of blog posts

• Informative – explains a topic or provides knowledge.
• Opinion – shares the writer’s perspective or analysis, including critical opinions.
• How-to – guides readers through a process or task.
• Listicle – presents information in list format for easy reading.
• Storytelling – shares personal, community, or organisational narratives.
• Decolonised – highlights African perspectives, local knowledge, and culturally relevant stories.
• Promotional – raises awareness about services, events, or products.

Structure

• Title – catchy, descriptive, and relevant to the content.
• Introduction – grabs attention, introduces the topic, and sets the context.
• Body – main content, divided into clear sections or paragraphs.
• Subheadings – guide readers through key points and improve readability.
• Conclusion – summarises key points or provides a call to action.
• Visuals – images, videos, or graphics to support the text.
• Links – references or additional resources.

How to write a blog post

1. Planning – define purpose, audience, and key message.
2. Research – gather accurate information, examples, or data.
3. Drafting – write a first draft focusing on clarity and flow.
4. Headline creation – craft a title that attracts readers.
5. Structure content – organise ideas into clear sections with subheadings.
6. Add visuals – include relevant images, charts, or videos.
7. Editing – check grammar, spelling, and readability.
8. Review – ensure content aligns with purpose, audience, and tone.
9. Optimisation – consider SEO, keywords, and meta descriptions if for web.
10. Publishing – post on the platform and share with intended audience.

What to include in a blog post

• Title – guidance for creating compelling headings
• Purpose – what the blog post seeks to achieve
• Audience – target readers and their interests
• Structure – suggested layout with introduction, body, and conclusion
• Topics – themes or areas to cover
• Writing tips – style, tone, and clarity
• Visuals – use and placement guidance
• Editing and review – quality checks before publishing
• Optimisation – SEO, links, and meta descriptions
• Publishing plan – platform, schedule, and promotion strategy

Participatory Methods Plan

A participatory methods plan outlines ways to involve participants actively in research, planning, or evaluation processes. These methods prioritise participant ownership, expression, and engagement while generating rich, meaningful data. Useful for participants who have low literacy and numeracy skills or use a diffent language from that of the research.

Purpose
The purpose is to empower participants, value their perspectives, and collect information in ways that reflect their experiences, culture, and knowledge systems.

Types of participatory methods

• Photography – pictures taken by participants or researchers, with participants retaining ownership.
• Voice or video recordings – capture stories or interviews, with participants controlling usage.
• Drawings – allow expression of ideas or experiences visually.
• Oral feedback sessions – participants share reflections or insights verbally.
• Walks and observation – guided tours or participant-led observation of environments.
• Focus group discussions – collective memory and dialogue to explore topics.
• Scoring – participants rate or prioritise issues or options.
• Timelines – visual representation of events or experiences over time.
• Community mapping – visualising local resources, spaces, or structures (avoid body mapping).
• Artifacts description and analysis – participants discuss objects of significance.
• Singing – cultural or expressive method to communicate ideas or experiences.
• Storytelling – sharing narratives, histories, or personal experiences.

How to conduct participatory methods

1. Planning – define objectives, select methods, and prepare resources.
2. Orientation – explain purpose and process to participants.
3. Facilitation – guide participants respectfully, allowing them to lead and express themselves.
4. Documentation – record outputs while ensuring participant ownership.
5. Reflection – discuss findings with participants to validate interpretations.
6. Analysis – collaboratively identify patterns, themes, and insights.
7. Reporting – present results in ways that reflect participants’ contributions.
8. Follow-up – share findings with participants and communities.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Consent – ensure participants agree to activities and the use of outputs.
• Ownership – participants control their images, stories, or creations.
• Respect – honour cultural practices, privacy, and individual comfort.
• Accuracy – represent participants’ contributions faithfully.

What to include in a participatory methods plan

Ethics – ethical principles including Ubuntu values, consent, and ownership

Title – descriptive of the participatory project

Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes

Participants – selection criteria and roles

Methods – list of participatory techniques to be used

Instructions – step-by-step guidance for each method

Documentation – how outputs will be recorded and stored

Analysis – procedures for collaborative interpretation

Reporting – format for presenting findings

Sharing plan – how results will be disseminated

Photographs or Photograghing Guide

We often take photographs for granted, but there are important ethical considerations when taking, storing, using, and distributing images. Our Photography Repository stores many photos for free, with some available for a small fee to help fund photography and storage.

Guidelines for taking photos

• Always take a photo with permission.
• Avoid showing faces unnecessarily, as people may feel uncomfortable having their images shared.
• Do not sell photos without informing the owners.
• No photo, whether of land, rivers, buildings, children, or landscapes, should be taken without permission.

Guidelines for using photos in writing and presentations

• Avoid using photos of another race when discussing that race or related topics.
• Do not use photos in a way that demeans the person, their beliefs, or their community.
• Respect sacred or religious images.
• Avoid photos of people in distress, extreme sickness, or death.
• Naked photos, including adverts, have no place in African society.
• Prioritising images of white people reinforces colonial perspectives; use African-centred images to break these patterns.
• Always obtain permission for photos that are not yours and provide proper attribution.

Script or Storyboard

A script and storyboard guide provides instructions for planning, writing, and visually mapping out media content such as videos, films, or presentations. The script outlines dialogue and narration, while the storyboard illustrates scenes, actions, and camera angles.

Purpose
The purpose is to ensure clarity, consistency, and coherence in media production, helping creators visualise the story and plan the production process efficiently.

Types of scripts

• Narrative – tells a story or shares a message with a clear beginning, middle, and end.
• Instructional – explains a process, concept, or procedure.
• Promotional – advertises a product, service, or initiative.
• Critical or decolonised – highlights African perspectives, local narratives, or challenges dominant viewpoints.

Types of storyboards

• Traditional – hand-drawn sketches showing sequences of scenes.
• Digital – created using software or apps, allowing easy editing and sharing.
• Hybrid – combines sketches with digital elements or photos.

How to write a script and storyboard

1. Planning – define objectives, target audience, and key messages.
2. Research – gather background information, context, or source materials.
3. Scriptwriting – write dialogue, narration, and instructions for visuals or actions.
4. Scene breakdown – divide the script into scenes or segments.
5. Storyboarding – visually map each scene, indicating characters, actions, camera angles, and transitions.
6. Review – ensure accuracy, clarity, and cultural relevance.
7. Revision – update script and storyboard based on feedback.
8. Finalisation – prepare the script and storyboard for production.

Key ethics

• Ubuntu ethics – reciprocity, respect, justice, and collective responsibility.
• Respect – honour cultural practices, participants, and communities represented.
• Accuracy – ensure scripts and visuals represent stories truthfully.
• Consent – obtain permission from people depicted or involved in production.

What to include in a script and storyboard

• Title – descriptive of the project or story.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Characters – names, roles, and descriptions.
• Dialogue / narration – written lines for each character or narrator.
• Scenes – sequence of events or locations.
• Visuals – images, sketches, or camera directions.
• Actions – movements or interactions of characters.
• Timing – duration of scenes or segments.
• Transitions – cues for scene changes or effects.
• Notes – additional instructions for production, ethics, or cultural considerations.

Conference Program

A conference program guide provides instructions for planning, organising, and presenting the schedule and content of a conference. Its purpose is to give participants a clear overview of timing, topics, speakers, and sessions while ensuring smooth coordination and delivery.

Types of conference programs

• Academic – focuses on research presentations, panels, and workshops.
• Professional – emphasises skill-building, networking, and sector updates.
• Hybrid – combines academic and professional sessions.

How to create a conference program

1. Planning – define objectives, audience, duration, and format of the conference.
2. Session design – decide on types of sessions (keynotes, panels, workshops, poster presentations).
3. Scheduling – allocate time for each session, breaks, and networking opportunities.
4. Speaker coordination – invite speakers, collect bios, and confirm participation.
5. Materials preparation – prepare session descriptions, handouts, and presentation requirements.
6. Review – check timing, flow, and logistical feasibility.
7. Publication – share the program with participants in print or digital formats.
8. Follow-up – update the program if there are changes before or during the conference.

What to include in a conference program

• Title – name of the conference.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Schedule – dates, times, and duration of each session.
• Session types – keynote, panel, workshop, or discussion.
• Speakers – names, roles, and affiliations.
• Topics – session titles and summaries.
• Venue or platform – location details or online links.
• Notes – logistical instructions or cultural considerations.

Decolonisation Plan

A decolonisation plan outlines steps to identify, challenge, and transform colonial structures, practices, and mindsets in organisations, institutions, or communities. Its purpose is to create spaces, policies, and practices that are inclusive, equitable, and reflective of African perspectives while reducing the influence of colonial legacies.

Types of decolonisation plans

• Institutional – focuses on universities, schools, workplaces, or government structures.
• Community – aims to reclaim local governance, cultural practices, or communal decision-making.
• Policy – addresses colonial biases in laws, regulations, or organisational policies.
• Educational – redesigns curricula, teaching methods, and learning resources to reflect African knowledge systems.

How to create a decolonisation plan

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and intended outcomes.
2. Assessment – identify colonial influences, gaps, and areas requiring change.
3. Consultation – engage stakeholders, community members, or experts in African knowledge systems.
4. Strategy development – propose actions to replace or reform colonial structures, practices, or content.
5. Implementation – assign responsibilities, timelines, and resources for each action.
6. Monitoring – track progress and evaluate effectiveness.
7. Review – update the plan based on feedback and results.
8. Communication – share the plan and progress transparently with stakeholders.

What to include in a decolonisation plan

• Title – descriptive of the plan’s focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – areas, structures, or policies addressed.
• Stakeholders – individuals, groups, or communities involved.
• Strategies – actions to achieve decolonisation goals.
• Timeline – schedule for implementing actions.
• Resources – personnel, budget, and materials required.
• Monitoring – indicators and methods to track progress.
• Review – procedures for updating the plan.
• Communication – plan for sharing progress and results.

Indigenisation Plan

n indigenisation plan outlines steps to prioritise, strengthen, and integrate indigenous knowledge systems, cultural practices, and leadership within organisations, institutions, or communities. Its purpose is to ensure that local perspectives, traditions, and ways of knowing guide decision-making, policies, and practices.

Types of indigenisation plans

• Institutional – incorporates indigenous knowledge and practices into schools, universities, or workplaces.
• Community – strengthens local governance, cultural leadership, and communal decision-making.
• Policy – revises laws, regulations, or organisational policies to reflect indigenous perspectives.
• Educational – redesigns curricula, teaching methods, and learning materials to centre indigenous knowledge systems.

How to create an indigenisation plan

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and intended outcomes.
2. Assessment – identify areas where indigenous knowledge and practices are underrepresented or absent.
3. Consultation – engage elders, community leaders, and indigenous knowledge holders.
4. Strategy development – design actions to incorporate indigenous practices, knowledge, and leadership.
5. Implementation – assign responsibilities, timelines, and resources for each action.
6. Monitoring – track progress and evaluate effectiveness.
7. Review – update the plan based on feedback and results.
8. Communication – share the plan and progress transparently with stakeholders.

What to include in an indigenisation plan

• Title – descriptive of the plan’s focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – areas, structures, or policies addressed.
• Stakeholders – individuals, groups, or communities involved.
• Strategies – actions to achieve indigenisation goals.
• Timeline – schedule for implementing actions.
• Resources – personnel, budget, and materials required.
• Monitoring – indicators and methods to track progress.
• Review – procedures for updating the plan.
• Communication – plan for sharing progress and results.

Social Assessment Report

A social assessment report provides a systematic analysis of an individual, family, group, or community to understand social conditions, needs, strengths, and challenges. Its purpose is to inform interventions, planning, or support services while recognising local cultural, social, and relational contexts.

Types of social assessment reports

• Individual – evaluates the social, emotional, and practical needs of a person.
• Family – examines family dynamics, resources, and support systems.
• Group – assesses needs, strengths, and challenges of community or interest groups.
• Community – analyses broader social, economic, and cultural conditions affecting a community.
• Decolonised – centres African perspectives, communal strengths, and culturally relevant frameworks.
• Critical – identifies structural inequalities or systemic barriers affecting individuals or communities.

How to create a social assessment report

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and focus of the assessment.
2. Data collection – use interviews, focus groups, observations, surveys, or participatory methods.
3. Consultation – engage individuals, families, or community stakeholders to verify information.
4. Analysis – identify needs, strengths, challenges, and patterns in the data.
5. Documentation – organise findings clearly and systematically.
6. Recommendations – suggest actions or interventions based on assessment findings.
7. Review – validate the report with participants or co-facilitators if appropriate.
8. Finalisation – prepare the report for submission, presentation, or publication.

What to include in a social assessment report

• Title – descriptive of the assessment focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – individual, family, group, or community.
• Methods – techniques used for data collection.
• Participants – individuals or groups involved in the assessment.
• Findings – needs, strengths, challenges, and patterns identified.
• Recommendations – suggested actions or interventions.
• Limitations – any constraints or gaps in the assessment.
• References – sources of information, literature, or consultations.
• Appendices – supporting materials, forms, or charts.

Practitioner Report / Practice Paper

A practitioner report or practice paper presents the work, experiences, and insights of a practitioner in a professional context. Its purpose is to document interventions, reflect on practice, and share lessons learned to inform future work, policy, or training.

Types of practitioner reports / practice papers

• Individual practice – focuses on a single practitioner’s experience or casework.
• Group or team practice – documents collective work or collaborative interventions.
• Case study – examines a specific case or scenario in detail.
• Decolonised – highlights African perspectives, cultural practices, and community-based approaches.
• Critical – analyses systemic issues, barriers, or inequalities affecting practice.

How to create a practitioner report / practice paper

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and audience of the report.
2. Data collection – gather records, notes, observations, and reflections.
3. Consultation – verify details with colleagues, participants, or stakeholders where appropriate.
4. Analysis – identify patterns, outcomes, successes, and challenges.
5. Documentation – structure the report in a clear, logical format.
6. Reflection – include practitioner insights, lessons learned, and professional growth.
7. Review – check for accuracy, clarity, and ethical compliance.
8. Finalisation – prepare the report for submission, dissemination, or publication.

What to include in a practitioner report / practice paper

• Title – descriptive of the focus or case.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – individual, group, or thematic focus.
• Methods – approaches or interventions used.
• Participants – individuals or groups involved in the work.
• Findings / Outcomes – results, observations, and impacts.
• Reflection – practitioner insights and lessons learned.
• Recommendations – suggested improvements or future actions.
• Limitations – constraints or challenges encountered.
• References – supporting literature or sources.
• Appendices – supplementary materials, forms, or charts.

Expert Paper

An expert paper presents specialised knowledge, insights, or analysis from an individual with recognised expertise in a particular field. Its purpose is to inform policy, practice, research, or decision-making by providing authoritative guidance or recommendations.

Types of expert papers

• Individual – authored by a single expert sharing knowledge or analysis.
• Collaborative – produced by a team of experts to provide comprehensive insights.
• Policy-focused – provides recommendations for legislation, regulations, or organisational policies.
• Technical – addresses specialised processes, methodologies, or technical issues.
• Decolonised – centres African knowledge systems, perspectives, and local practices.
• Critical – highlights structural issues, inequities, or systemic challenges in the field.

How to create an expert paper

1. Planning – define the purpose, audience, and scope of the paper.
2. Literature review – gather and review relevant sources, evidence, and precedents.
3. Consultation – engage peers, stakeholders, or knowledge holders to verify content.
4. Analysis – interpret findings, identify key issues, and draw expert conclusions.
5. Documentation – structure the paper logically, clearly, and coherently.
6. Recommendations – provide actionable guidance or solutions based on expertise.
7. Review – ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to ethical and professional standards.
8. Finalisation – prepare the paper for submission, dissemination, or publication.

What to include in an expert paper

• Title – descriptive of the focus or topic.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – areas, issues, or questions addressed.
• Positionality and expertise – describe the author’s qualifications, experience, perspective, and how these inform the analysis.
• Background – context, evidence, or literature supporting the analysis.
• Findings – expert observations, analysis, or interpretations.
• Recommendations – guidance or actions based on expertise.
• Limitations – any constraints, assumptions, or gaps.
• References – supporting literature, data sources, or expert input.
• Appendices – supplementary materials, charts, or tools.

Client / Service User Narrative (self-written)

A client or service user narrative written by the client presents their own lived experiences, challenges, strengths, and outcomes. Its purpose is to give the client a direct voice, document their perspective, and inform practice, policy, or research without interpretation by practitioners.

Types of self-written client narratives

• Individual – a single client shares their personal story.
• Group – multiple clients contribute separate narratives to capture diverse experiences.
• Community – clients from a community collectively share experiences.
• Decolonised – centres African perspectives, cultural practices, and communal knowledge.
• Critical – highlights systemic barriers, inequities, or social injustices from the client’s perspective.

How to create a self-written client narrative

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and intended use of the narrative.
2. Guidance – provide instructions or prompts to help clients structure their story.
3. Consent and assent – ensure the client agrees to share their narrative and understands how it will be used.
4. Writing – the client documents their experiences, challenges, and reflections in their own words.
5. Review – allow the client to review and amend the narrative for accuracy and comfort.
6. Submission – collect the narrative in written, digital, or audio form as appropriate.
7. Ethical considerations – ensure confidentiality, anonymity if needed, and respect for cultural values.

What to include in a self-written client narrative

• Title – descriptive of the client’s story or focus.
• Purpose – why the narrative is being written and how it will be used.
• Background – relevant context about the client (anonymised if necessary).
• Narrative – client’s experiences, challenges, achievements, and reflections in their own words.
• Outcomes – client’s perspective on interventions, support received, or changes experienced.
• Recommendations – if the client wishes to suggest improvements or actions.
• Consent – confirmation that the client agrees to share their narrative.
• Appendices – supporting materials, photos, or artefacts if included by the client.

Experiential Narrative

An experiential narrative documents personal experiences, reflections, and learning from a particular event, activity, or process. Its purpose is to capture insights, emotions, and lessons learned to inform practice, research, or personal and professional development.

Types of experiential narratives

• Individual – a single person reflects on their own experience.
• Group – multiple participants share experiences from a shared event or activity.
• Community – documents collective experiences of a community or social group.
• Decolonised – prioritises African perspectives, communal knowledge, and culturally relevant experiences.
• Critical – highlights systemic challenges, inequities, or barriers encountered during the experience.

How to create an experiential narrative

1. Planning – define the focus, purpose, and intended audience of the narrative.
2. Reflection – record thoughts, feelings, and observations during or after the experience.
3. Data collection – supplement reflections with notes, photos, or artefacts if relevant.
4. Structure – organise the narrative to include context, experience, and outcomes.
5. Analysis – identify key insights, patterns, or lessons learned.
6. Consultation – where appropriate, discuss reflections with peers or mentors to verify interpretations.
7. Review – ensure clarity, coherence, and ethical considerations.
8. Finalisation – prepare the narrative for sharing, publication, or submission.

What to include in an experiential narrative

• Title – descriptive of the experience or focus.
• Purpose – reason for documenting the experience and intended use.
• Context – background information about the event, activity, or situation.
• Narrative – detailed account of experiences, reflections, and observations.
• Outcomes – insights, lessons learned, or changes resulting from the experience.
• Reflection – personal or professional growth, challenges, and successes.
• Recommendations – suggested actions or considerations based on the experience.
• Ethical considerations – confidentiality, consent, or cultural sensitivities.
• Appendices – supporting materials, notes, photos, or artefacts if applicable.

Case Study Guide

A case study guide provides instructions for examining a specific individual, group, community, or organisation in detail to understand processes, experiences, outcomes, and challenges. Its purpose is to generate insights, lessons learned, and recommendations for practice, policy, or research.

Types of case studies

• Individual – focuses on a single person’s experiences, needs, or interventions.
• Group – examines dynamics, challenges, or outcomes within a defined group.
• Community – analyses social, economic, or cultural factors affecting a community.
• Organisational – explores processes, policies, or interventions within an organisation.
• Decolonised – highlights African perspectives, local practices, and culturally relevant frameworks.
• Critical – examines systemic issues, inequalities, or barriers impacting the case.

How to create a case study

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and intended outcomes.
2. Data collection – gather qualitative and/or quantitative data through interviews, observations, surveys, or document reviews.
3. Consultation – verify information with participants, colleagues, or stakeholders.
4. Analysis – identify patterns, key themes, successes, and challenges.
5. Documentation – organise findings logically and clearly.
6. Reflection – include insights, interpretations, and lessons learned.
7. Review – ensure accuracy, ethical compliance, and clarity.
8. Finalisation – prepare the case study for presentation, submission, or publication.

What to include in a case study

• Title – descriptive of the focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – individual, group, community, or organisational focus.
• Methods – approaches used to collect and analyse data.
• Participants – people or groups involved.
• Findings – observations, outcomes, and patterns identified.
• Reflection – interpretations, lessons learned, and insights.
• Recommendations – suggested actions or interventions.
• Limitations – constraints or gaps in data or analysis.
• References – sources or supporting literature.
• Appendices – supplementary materials, forms, or charts.

Research Information Statement

A research information statement is a document that provides participants or stakeholders with clear, concise information about a research project. Its purpose is to inform people about the study, its objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their rights before participation, without requesting formal consent.

Types of research information statements

• Individual-focused – explains the research for single participants.
• Group-focused – provides information to groups or communities participating in research.
• Decolonised – uses culturally relevant language, reflects African perspectives, and prioritises community understanding.
• Critical – highlights social, political, or structural issues related to the research.

How to create a research information statement

1. Planning – define the purpose, audience, and scope of the statement.
2. Content – outline the research objectives, methods, duration, and expected outcomes.
3. Participation – clarify who is invited to participate and what is expected.
4. Rights – explain participants’ rights, including voluntary participation and withdrawal.
5. Risks and benefits – describe potential positive and negative outcomes.
6. Confidentiality – detail how data and personal information will be protected.
7. Cultural relevance – adapt language and examples to be understandable and appropriate for the audience.
8. Review – check clarity, accuracy, and ethical compliance.
9. Finalisation – prepare the statement for distribution in written, digital, or verbal form.

What to include in a research information statement

• Title – descriptive of the research project.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes of the study.
• Scope – who the research involves and its focus.
• Methods – overview of data collection and analysis approaches.
• Participation – what is expected of participants.
• Risks and benefits – potential outcomes of participation.
• Rights – including voluntary participation and withdrawal.
• Confidentiality – how data and personal information will be protected.
• Contact information – for questions, concerns, or additional information.
• Cultural considerations – notes on language, interpretation, or cultural relevance.

Consent Form Guide

A consent form is a document used to obtain voluntary permission from an individual or group to participate in a study, project, or activity. Its purpose is to ensure participants are fully informed about the purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights before agreeing to take part. For children, assent is obtained to reflect their understanding and willingness, alongside parental or guardian consent.

Types of consent forms

• Written – participants provide a signature indicating informed consent.
• Verbal – consent is given orally, often recorded for documentation.
• Digital – electronic consent collected via online forms or platforms.
• Assent – for minors, a simplified form of consent alongside parental or guardian approval.
• Decolonised – incorporates culturally relevant language, practices, and explanations that reflect African values and norms.

How to create a consent form

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and context of participation.
2. Content – outline the study/project, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and duration.
3. Rights – clearly state participants’ rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
4. Confidentiality – explain how data or information will be stored, used, and shared.
5. Cultural relevance – adapt language, format, and examples to be understandable and culturally appropriate.
6. Review – check clarity, ethics, and compliance with legal or organisational requirements.
7. Verification – pilot or discuss with community representatives or participants to ensure comprehension.
8. Finalisation – prepare the form for distribution and signature or verbal agreement.

What to include in a consent form

• Title – descriptive of the study, project, or activity.
• Purpose – reason for the activity and intended outcomes.
• Procedures – what participants will do and what is expected of them.
• Risks and benefits – potential positive and negative outcomes of participation.
• Rights – including withdrawal, questions, and contact information for concerns.
• Confidentiality – how data and privacy will be protected.
• Voluntary agreement – statement confirming participation is voluntary.
• Assent – for children, a statement confirming understanding and willingness to participate.
• Signature and date – for written consent, or record of verbal/digital consent.
• Contact information – for further inquiries or reporting issues.
• Tick boxes – options for participants to indicate what they are consenting to.

Example of tick boxes in a consent form
Please tick the boxes to indicate your consent:

• ☐ I agree to participate in the study/project.
• ☐ I agree to allow audio recording of interviews or discussions.
• ☐ I agree to allow video recording of sessions.
• ☐ I agree to allow photographs to be taken for research or documentation purposes.
• ☐ I consent to the use of my anonymised data in reports, presentations, or publications.
• ☐ I understand that I can withdraw my participation at any time without penalty.

Budget

Sometimes called a resource statement, a budget is a detailed plan that outlines the estimated income, expenses, and resources required for a project, programme, research, or activity. Its purpose is to manage finances effectively, ensure accountability, and support planning and decision-making.

Types of budgets

• Project budget – for specific activities, research projects, or interventions.
• Organisational budget – overall financial plan for an organisation or department.
• Event budget – for conferences, workshops, or other events.
• Decolonised budget – incorporates local knowledge, practices, and community priorities.
• Zero-based budget – each expense must be justified for the period.
• Line-item budget – categorises expenses under defined headings.

How to create a budget

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and timeframe of the budget.
2. Identify costs – list all expected expenses, including staff, materials, travel, and overheads.
3. Estimate income – identify funding sources, grants, or contributions.
4. Categorisation – organise costs into categories or line items.
5. Justification – provide rationale for each cost or allocation.
6. Review – check calculations, accuracy, and completeness.
7. Adjust – revise to reflect realistic funding, contingencies, or constraints.
8. Finalisation – prepare the budget for submission, approval, or monitoring.

What to include in a budget

• Title – descriptive of the project or activity.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Timeframe – duration covered by the budget.
• Income – sources of funding, grants, or contributions.
• Expenses – detailed list of costs, including staff, materials, travel, equipment, and overheads.
• Contingency – allocation for unforeseen costs.
• Notes or justification – explanation of calculations and assumptions.
• Totals – total projected income and expenses.
• Review and approval – space for signatures or verification by responsible parties.

Timeline

A timeline is a visual or written plan that outlines key activities, milestones, and deadlines for a project, programme, or research. Its purpose is to organise tasks, track progress, and ensure timely completion.

Types of timelines

• Gantt chart – visual timeline showing tasks, durations, and dependencies.
• Milestone timeline – highlights critical events or achievements.
• Activity-based timeline – lists activities in chronological order.
• Decolonised – incorporates community events, cultural practices, and locally relevant timeframes.
• Critical – focuses on key constraints, bottlenecks, or risk points.

How to create a timeline

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and duration of the timeline.
2. List tasks – identify all activities, milestones, and deliverables.
3. Sequencing – arrange tasks in chronological order or by dependencies.
4. Duration – estimate time required for each activity or milestone.
5. Visualisation – create a chart, table, or diagram to represent the timeline.
6. Review – check for feasibility, conflicts, and completeness.
7. Adjust – revise timelines based on feedback or changing priorities.
8. Finalisation – prepare the timeline for sharing, monitoring, or reporting.

What to include in a timeline

• Title – descriptive of the project or activity.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Tasks / activities – detailed list of planned actions.
• Start and end dates – timing for each task or milestone.
• Milestones – critical points or achievements to track progress.
• Dependencies – tasks that rely on the completion of others.
• Responsible persons – who is accountable for each task.
• Notes – additional information, assumptions, or risks.

Observation Guide

An observation guide provides instructions for systematically observing, recording, and analysing behaviours, interactions, events, or conditions in a specific setting. Its purpose is to collect reliable and relevant information to inform assessments, research, or practice.

Types of observation

• Participant – the observer actively engages in the environment while observing.
• Non-participant – the observer watches without directly participating.
• Structured – uses predefined criteria or checklists to guide observation.
• Unstructured – open-ended observation without predetermined categories.
• Decolonised – prioritises African cultural practices, communal behaviours, and local contexts.
• Critical – focuses on power dynamics, inequalities, or systemic issues.

How to create an observation guide

1. Planning – define objectives, focus areas, and setting for observation.
2. Criteria development – identify behaviours, events, or interactions to observe.
3. Tools – design checklists, templates, or rating scales.
4. Pilot – test the guide to ensure clarity and relevance.
5. Data collection – record observations systematically using notes, audio, or video if appropriate.
6. Verification – confirm observations where possible with participants or co-observers.
7. Analysis – organise and interpret the data, identifying patterns, strengths, and challenges.
8. Review – revise the guide based on feedback or findings.

What to include in an observation guide

• Title – descriptive of the observation focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Setting – location or context for observation.
• Participants – individuals, groups, or communities being observed.
• Observation criteria – behaviours, events, or interactions to be recorded.
• Tools – templates, checklists, or rating scales.
• Timing – duration and schedule of observation.
• Notes – instructions for recording, ethical considerations, and cultural sensitivities.
• Analysis – guidance on interpreting observations and identifying patterns.

Field Report

A field report documents observations, activities, findings, and reflections from work conducted in the field, such as community visits, research, or project implementation. Its purpose is to record evidence, monitor progress, and inform practice, planning, or decision-making.

Types of field reports

• Individual – authored by a single practitioner or researcher.
• Team – prepared collaboratively by multiple fieldworkers.
• Research-focused – documents data collection and analysis in the field.
• Project-focused – monitors implementation of activities or interventions.
• Decolonised – centres African knowledge, local perspectives, and community priorities.
• Critical – highlights systemic barriers, inequities, or challenges observed in the field.

How to create a field report

1. Planning – define purpose, scope, and audience for the report.
2. Data collection – gather observations, notes, interviews, photos, or artefacts.
3. Verification – confirm findings with participants, co-workers, or stakeholders if appropriate.
4. Analysis – organise and interpret data, identifying patterns, successes, and challenges.
5. Documentation – structure the report clearly, maintaining accuracy and confidentiality.
6. Reflection – include insights, lessons learned, and interpretations.
7. Review – ensure clarity, completeness, and ethical compliance.
8. Finalisation – prepare the report for submission, dissemination, or archiving.

What to include in a field report

• Title – descriptive of the fieldwork focus.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Scope – location, participants, and activities observed.
• Methods – approaches used to collect and record data.
• Observations – detailed notes, events, behaviours, or interactions recorded.
• Findings – key outcomes, patterns, or insights from the field.
• Reflection – personal or professional interpretations and lessons learned.
• Challenges – obstacles or constraints encountered during fieldwork.
• Recommendations – suggested actions or improvements based on findings.
• Ethical considerations – consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
• Appendices – supplementary materials such as photos, maps, or charts.

Field Noting Guide

A field noting guide provides instructions for systematically recording observations, events, behaviours, or interactions during fieldwork. Its purpose is to ensure accurate, consistent, and ethically collected information that can be used for analysis, reporting, or reflection.

Types of field notes

• Descriptive – detailed accounts of what is observed.
• Reflective – personal reflections, insights, or interpretations of events.
• Analytical – notes focused on patterns, themes, or research questions.
• Decolonised – captures African perspectives, communal knowledge, and culturally relevant observations.
• Critical – highlights systemic issues, power dynamics, or inequities observed.

How to create a field noting guide

1. Planning – define objectives, focus areas, and purpose of field notes.
2. Templates – design structured templates or headings to guide note-taking.
3. Observation – record events, behaviours, and interactions systematically.
4. Reflection – include personal insights, interpretations, and connections.
5. Verification – cross-check notes with co-observers or participants if appropriate.
6. Organisation – arrange notes by date, location, or theme for easy reference.
7. Review – ensure clarity, accuracy, and ethical compliance.
8. Finalisation – prepare notes for use in reports, analysis, or presentations.

What to include in a field noting guide

• Title – descriptive of the focus of observations.
• Purpose – objectives and intended use of field notes.
• Date and location – when and where observations are made.
• Participants – who or what is being observed.
• Observation details – description of events, behaviours, or interactions.
• Reflection – insights, interpretations, or questions arising from observations.
• Themes or categories – headings or prompts to structure notes.
• Ethical considerations – confidentiality, consent, and cultural sensitivities.
• Additional materials – diagrams, sketches, or photos to support observations.

Memoing Guide

Memoing is the process of writing reflective notes to capture ideas, insights, or interpretations during qualitative research or data analysis. Its purpose is to support deeper understanding, track thought processes, and document emerging patterns or themes.

Types of memos

• Descriptive – summarises observations, events, or data points.
• Analytical – explores relationships, patterns, or potential explanations.
• Theoretical – links data to concepts, frameworks, or emerging theories.
• Decolonised – reflects African perspectives, communal knowledge, and culturally relevant interpretations.
• Critical – identifies power dynamics, inequities, or systemic issues.

How to create memos

1. Planning – define the purpose and focus of memoing in your research or project.
2. Data engagement – review field notes, transcripts, or observations.
3. Writing – record thoughts, reflections, insights, or questions as they arise.
4. Categorisation – organise memos by theme, concept, or research question.
5. Analysis – use memos to identify patterns, ideas, or hypotheses.
6. Consultation – discuss memos with peers or co-researchers if appropriate.
7. Review – check clarity, consistency, and relevance.
8. Integration – incorporate insights from memos into reports, papers, or presentations.

What to include in a memo

• Title – descriptive of the focus or theme.
• Date – when the memo was written.
• Source – data, observation, or event prompting the memo.
• Observation / insight – description of the idea, pattern, or reflection.
• Analysis – interpretation or connections to other data or concepts.
• Questions – points for further investigation or clarification.
• References – link to relevant data, literature, or field notes if applicable.

Office Memo Guide

An office memo is a written communication used within an organisation to share information, provide updates, request action, or document decisions. Its purpose is to ensure clear, concise, and formal communication among staff or departments.

Types of office memos

• Informational – provides updates, announcements, or general information.
• Directive – issues instructions, requests, or actions to be taken.
• Request – seeks approval, information, or feedback from colleagues or management.
• Policy or procedural – communicates new policies, procedures, or changes.
• Critical – highlights urgent issues, challenges, or organisational risks.

How to create an office memo

1. Planning – define the purpose, audience, and intended outcome of the memo.
2. Structure – follow a clear format including heading, date, sender, recipient, subject, and message body.
3. Writing – use concise, professional, and direct language.
4. Clarity – ensure key points and action items are easily understood.
5. Review – check for accuracy, tone, and completeness.
6. Distribution – send via email, internal platforms, or printed copies as appropriate.
7. Follow-up – track responses or actions resulting from the memo.

What to include in an office memo

• Heading – typically “Memo” or “Memorandum.”
• Date – when the memo is issued.
• To / Recipient – individuals or departments the memo is addressed to.
• From / Sender – author or issuing authority.
• Subject – brief, clear description of the topic.
• Message body – key information, instructions, or requests.
• Action items – specific tasks or decisions required, if applicable.
• Closing – optional notes, contact information, or follow-up instructions.
• Attachments – any supplementary documents referenced in the memo.

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a formal agreement between two or more parties that outlines shared intentions, responsibilities, and expectations. Its purpose is to establish a common understanding and guide collaboration without creating legally binding obligations.

Types of MOUs

• Bilateral – between two parties.
• Multilateral – involving three or more parties.
• Project-specific – focused on a particular project, programme, or initiative.
• Strategic – establishes long-term partnership goals and collaboration frameworks.

How to create an MOU

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and objectives of the collaboration.
2. Parties – clearly identify all involved parties and their roles.
3. Drafting – outline terms, responsibilities, timelines, and expected outcomes.
4. Consultation – review draft with all parties to ensure clarity and agreement.
5. Revision – make adjustments based on feedback or negotiations.
6. Sign-off – obtain signatures or formal acknowledgement from authorised representatives.
7. Distribution – share copies with all parties and relevant stakeholders.
8. Review – periodically revisit the MOU to ensure relevance and adherence.

What to include in an MOU

• Title – descriptive of the partnership or collaboration.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes.
• Parties – names and roles of all signatories.
• Scope – areas, activities, or initiatives covered by the MOU.
• Responsibilities – duties and contributions of each party.
• Duration – start date, end date, and provisions for renewal.
• Communication – mechanisms for coordination and reporting.
• Confidentiality – any information-sharing protocols.
• Dispute resolution – procedures for addressing disagreements.
• Signatures – authorised representatives from each party.
• Appendices – supporting documents, schedules, or references.

Funding or Sponsorship Contract

A funding or sponsorship contract is a formal, legally binding agreement between a sponsor or funder and an individual, family, group, village, community, or organisation. Its purpose is to outline the terms, responsibilities, and expectations for financial, material, or in-kind support.

Types of funding or sponsorship contracts

• Individual or family – supports a specific person or family’s needs.
• Group or community – funds collective initiatives or community projects.
• Village or local area – supports infrastructure, development, or cultural activities.
• Foundation – provides funding through organised philanthropic bodies.
• Event or programme – funds specific activities, workshops, or events.

How to create a funding or sponsorship contract

1. Planning – define the purpose, scope, and requirements of the funding or sponsorship.
2. Parties – clearly identify the sponsor/funder and the recipient(s).
3. Drafting – outline terms, responsibilities, deliverables, and timelines.
4. Budget – specify funding amounts, schedules, and allowable uses.
5. Consultation – review the draft with all parties, legal advisors, or stakeholders.
6. Revision – adjust based on feedback, negotiations, or compliance requirements.
7. Sign-off – obtain signatures from authorised representatives.
8. Distribution – provide copies to all relevant parties.
9. Monitoring – set mechanisms to track use of funds and compliance with contract terms.

What to include in a funding or sponsorship contract

• Title – descriptive of the purpose and recipient.
• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes of the support.
• Parties – names, roles, and responsibilities of sponsor and recipient(s).
• Funding details – amount, schedule, and method of provision.
• Duration – start and end dates of the agreement.
• Deliverables – expected outcomes, reports, or milestones.
• Terms and conditions – rules or restrictions on use of support.
• Reporting – requirements for financial or progress updates.
• Termination – conditions under which the contract may end.
• Signatures – authorised representatives of both parties.
• Appendices – budget details, schedules, or supporting documents.

Research Proposal

A research proposal is a structured plan that outlines a study’s objectives, methodology, and significance. Its purpose is to secure approval, funding, or support and to guide the research process.

How to create a research proposal

1. Planning – define the research problem, objectives, and scope.
2. Literature review – summarise existing knowledge and identify gaps.
3. Methodology – describe research design, data collection, and analysis methods.
4. Ethical considerations – detail consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
5. Timeline – outline the schedule for research activities.
6. Budget – estimate costs and resources required.
7. Positionality statement – describe the researcher’s perspective, expertise, and relationship to the topic.
8. Consultation – review draft with peers, mentors, or stakeholders.
9. Revision – refine proposal based on feedback.
10. Submission – prepare final version for approval or funding application.

What to include in a research proposal

• Title – descriptive and concise.
• Purpose – research objectives and questions.
• Background – context and justification for the study.
• Literature review – summary of existing knowledge and gaps.
• Methodology – design, data collection, and analysis plan.
• Ethical considerations – consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
• Timeline – schedule of activities and milestones.
• Budget – estimated costs and resources required.
• Positionality – researcher’s perspective, expertise, and relationship to the topic.
• References – sources cited.
• Appendices – supplementary materials if relevant.

Research Report

A research report presents the findings, analysis, and conclusions of a study in a structured and systematic way. Its purpose is to communicate results to stakeholders, inform decision-making, and contribute to knowledge in the field.

How to create a research report

1. Planning – define the purpose, audience, and scope of the report.
2. Data organisation – compile, clean, and arrange collected data.
3. Analysis – examine data to identify patterns, themes, or relationships.
4. Interpretation – draw conclusions and insights based on findings.
5. Consultation – review findings with co-researchers or stakeholders if appropriate.
6. Writing – present the report in a clear, structured, and logical manner.
7. Review – check for clarity, accuracy, and ethical compliance.
8. Finalisation – prepare the report for dissemination, submission, or archiving.

What to include in a research report

• Title – descriptive and concise.
• Abstract – brief summary of objectives, methods, and key findings.
• Introduction – context, background, and purpose of the study.
• Research questions or objectives – what the study aimed to answer or achieve.
• Methodology – research design, data collection, and analysis methods.
• Findings – detailed results, including tables, charts, or illustrations if relevant.
• Discussion – interpretation of results, patterns, and implications.
• Conclusions – summary of key insights and outcomes.
• Recommendations – suggested actions or further research based on findings.
• Ethical considerations – consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
• References – sources cited.
• Appendices – supplementary materials such as raw data, questionnaires, or field notes.

Financial Statement or Report

A financial statement or report is a formal record that summarises the financial activities, position, and performance of an organisation, project, or individual over a specific period. Its purpose is to provide transparency, accountability, and information for decision-making.

Types of financial statements

• Income statement – shows revenues, expenses, and profit or loss.
• Balance sheet – details assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.
• Cash flow statement – tracks inflows and outflows of cash.
• Statement of changes in equity – records changes in ownership interest or reserves.
• Audited – reviewed and verified internally or externally for accuracy.
• Approved – formally authorised by the organisation or governing body.

How to create a financial statement

1. Planning – define the reporting period and purpose of the statement.
2. Data collection – gather all financial transactions, receipts, and records.
3. Classification – organise transactions into relevant categories (income, expenses, assets, liabilities).
4. Calculation – total amounts and ensure figures are accurate.
5. Review – check for completeness, consistency, and compliance with accounting standards.
6. Presentation – prepare the statement in a clear and structured format.
7. Verification – have the statement audited internally or externally if required.
8. Approval – obtain formal authorisation from the organisation.
9. Finalisation – distribute or submit the statement to relevant stakeholders.

What to include in a financial statement

• Title – descriptive of the period and entity.
• Reporting period – start and end dates.
• Income – details of revenue or funding received.
• Expenses – breakdown of costs, including operational, staff, and programme expenses.
• Assets – resources owned, such as cash, equipment, or property.
• Liabilities – debts or obligations owed.
• Equity or reserves – remaining interest after liabilities are deducted from assets.
• Notes – explanations, assumptions, or clarifications of figures.
• Signatures – authorised persons verifying accuracy.
• Appendices – supporting documents such as receipts or detailed ledgers.

Documentation and Archiving Policy

A documentation and archiving policy is a formal guideline that outlines how an organisation creates, manages, stores, and preserves records and information. Its purpose is to ensure systematic documentation, accessibility, accountability, and long-term preservation of materials.

Types of documentation and archiving policies

• Digital – governs electronic records, databases, and digital files.
• Physical – covers paper files, printed reports, and other tangible records.
• Research-focused – addresses storage and management of research data and outputs.
• Project-focused – specifies documentation of project activities, decisions, and outcomes.
• Compliance – ensures adherence to legal, regulatory, or organisational requirements.

How to create a documentation and archiving policy

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and types of records to be managed.
2. Classification – develop a system to categorise records by type, importance, or confidentiality.
3. Creation – establish standards for preparing, formatting, and naming documents.
4. Storage – specify safe and secure storage methods for both digital and physical records.
5. Access – define who can access records and under what conditions.
6. Preservation – outline methods for long-term maintenance and protection of records.
7. Review – periodically evaluate the policy for relevance, compliance, and effectiveness.
8. Training – provide guidance to staff on proper documentation and archiving practices.
9. Finalisation – formally approve and disseminate the policy across the organisation.

What to include in a documentation and archiving policy

• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes of the policy.
• Scope – types of records, departments, or projects covered.
• Roles and responsibilities – who creates, manages, and oversees records.
• Standards – formats, naming conventions, and filing procedures.
• Storage – locations, digital platforms, and physical filing systems.
• Access – permission levels, confidentiality, and retrieval procedures.
• Retention and disposal – timelines for keeping records and procedures for safe disposal.
• Security – measures to protect records from loss, damage, or unauthorised access.
• Compliance – adherence to legal, regulatory, or organisational requirements.
• Review and update – schedule for reviewing and updating the policy.

Research and Development Policy

A research and development (R&D) policy is a formal guideline that outlines an organisation’s approach to conducting research, innovation, and development activities. Its purpose is to provide structure, ensure quality, promote ethical practices, and guide investment in knowledge creation and innovation.

Types of research and development policies

• Organisational – applies to internal research and innovation projects.
• Collaborative – governs joint research initiatives with partners or external institutions.
• Funding-focused – outlines criteria and processes for supporting R&D projects.
• Compliance – ensures adherence to legal, ethical, and regulatory standards.

How to create a research and development policy

1. Planning – define objectives, scope, and priorities for research and innovation.
2. Strategy – identify areas of focus, target outcomes, and innovation goals.
3. Methodology – establish standards for conducting research and development activities.
4. Ethical considerations – ensure adherence to consent, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity.
5. Funding and resources – outline allocation, management, and accountability procedures.
6. Collaboration – specify processes for partnerships, co-creation, and knowledge sharing.
7. Monitoring and evaluation – define metrics, reporting, and review mechanisms.
8. Review – periodically assess policy effectiveness and relevance.
9. Finalisation – approve and disseminate the policy within the organisation.

What to include in a research and development policy

• Purpose – objectives and intended outcomes of R&D activities.
• Scope – areas, departments, or projects covered.
• Roles and responsibilities – who manages, conducts, and oversees R&D.
• Standards and procedures – guidelines for planning, executing, and documenting research.
• Ethical and legal considerations – compliance with regulations, consent, and cultural respect.
• Funding and resources – allocation, use, and accountability.
• Collaboration – processes for partnerships, co-creation, and knowledge sharing.
• Monitoring and evaluation – performance indicators, reporting, and review cycles.
• Review and update – schedule for evaluating and revising the policy.